Can Vitamin D Reduce the Burden of COVID-19?

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

2093 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2020-12-28

Study Completion Date

2025-02-15

Brief Summary

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The purpose of this study is to compare the risks of COVID-19 in individuals from the Chicagoland area and other communities in the United States randomized to low (400 IU/day) versus moderate (4,000 IU/day) dose vitamin D.

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Detailed Description

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This study will recruit 2,000 subjects from the Chicagoland area and across the United States to participate in the study from home. Subjects will be invited to volunteer to participate in the study through a variety of forms of outreach, mainly online (e.g., press releases, news interviews, social media, emails, etc.). The sample size was chosen to have at least 80% power to detect a 20% or larger decrease in the hazard of developing COVID-19 between study arms at p\<0.05, based on an estimated monthly incidence of COVID-19 (3%/month for Black/Latinx persons and 1%/month for White persons) and an estimated fraction of persons already immune but unaware they have had COVID-19 (≤10%).

Subjects will take a daily dose of vitamin D and answer surveys about COVID-19 diagnosis and symptoms over 12 months after enrollment.

Our overall aim is to compare the risks of COVID-19 in adults at increased risk of COVID-19 randomized to low (400 IU/day) versus moderate (4,000 IU/day) dose vitamin D. Our specific aims are:

Aim 1: To compare the risk of developing COVID-19 in adults at increased risk of COVID-19 randomized to low versus moderate dose vitamin D. We hypothesize that moderate dose therapy will reduce rates of COVID-19 compared to low dose therapy because vitamin D will reduce symptomatic infection that prompts testing for COVID-19.

Aim 2: To compare COVID-19 outcomes (symptoms, hospitalization, ICU stay, ventilator use, death) in adults at increased risk of COVID-19 randomized to low vs. moderate dose vitamin D. Consistent with several recent observational analyses, we expect higher doses to improve COVID-19 outcomes.

Subjects will be asked to complete a web-based survey at intake and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after enrollment. The intake survey will collect baseline data on subjects' current medications and supplements, sun exposure, exercise, diet and sleep habits, possible COVID-19 symptoms, other influenza-like symptoms, previous exposures to COVID-19, occupation, demographic information, and risks of exposure. The surveys at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after enrollment will ask the participant or a proxy whether the participant has had a clinically confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and the date if so, ask about rates of study medication adherence, and assess for changes in the intake questions about use of other supplements, sun exposure, diet, exercise, and COVID-19 exposures. If the subject reports to have had COVID-19, we will ask about severity, including symptoms, hospitalization and duration, ICU use and duration, need for mechanical ventilation and duration, and death.

Conditions

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COVID-19

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

2,000-person two-arm, double-blinded randomized controlled trial, with half the subjects randomized to low dose vitamin D (400 IU/day), which will serve as the control group, and half to moderate dose vitamin D (4,000 IU/day)

Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

QUADRUPLE

Participants Caregivers Investigators Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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Low Dose Vitamin D (400 IU/day)

Subjects in this arm will be randomized to receive low dose vitamin D (oral, 400 IU/day) for 12 continuous months

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Vitamin D 400IU

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Low dose vitamin D (400 IU/day)

Moderate Dose Vitamin D (4000 IU/day)

Subjects in this arm will be randomized to receive moderate dose vitamin D (oral, 4000 IU/day) for 12 continuous months

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Vitamin D 4000IU

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Moderate dose vitamin D (4000 IU/day)

Interventions

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Vitamin D 400IU

Low dose vitamin D (400 IU/day)

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Vitamin D 4000IU

Moderate dose vitamin D (4000 IU/day)

Intervention Type DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Other Intervention Names

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Vitamin D3 Vitamin D3

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

Subjects are able to participate if they:

1. Are 18 years or older.
2. Live in the United States.
3. Are interested in vitamin D as a potential preventive measure against COVID-19 in which they self-administer a daily dose of vitamin D during the 12-month study period.
4. Are willing to complete self-report measures at 5 time points over the course of 12 months by completing a 15-minute survey at intake via web and 10-minute web-based follow-up surveys.

Exclusion Criteria

Subjects are excluded from study participation if they:

1. Report being pregnant, planning to become pregnant, and/or report breastfeeding during the study period.
2. Report a history of chronic kidney disease, including a history of abnormal GFR and/or creatinine.
3. Report a history of hyperparathyroidism.
4. Report a history of increased falls.
5. Report a history of hypercalcemia.
6. Report a history of gastrointestinal absorptive disorders, including having undergone bariatric surgery.
7. Report a history of kidney stones (1 in past year or 2 in lifetime).
8. Report already taking more than 400 IU of vitamin D daily as recommended by their health care provider, excluding multivitamins and excluding supplements that include vitamin D and calcium together.
9. Report taking D2.
10. Report a history of sarcoidosis.

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes