Different Types of Feedback in Sports

NCT ID: NCT07082647

Last Updated: 2025-07-24

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 60 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2023-09-15
• Study Completion Date: 2023-11-12

Brief Summary

The aim of the study is to examine the effects of mixed (visual + verbal) feedback, visual feedback and verbal feedback methods applied to gymnasts between the ages of 7-11 on the front scale, back scale (knee-knee), back scale (shoulder-knee) and split jump elements by kinematic methods.

Detailed Description

The participants were asked to perform the measured movements one by one during the training, and feedback was given to each participant one by one. In the study, kinematic analyzes were made by taking video recordings (measurements taken at 3 different times) of the elements performed by the participants in gymnastics. As a result, it was determined that the most effective feedback method for all elements except the split jump element was the mixed method, the most effective method for the split jump was the visual method, and the least effective method for all elements was the verbal method.The students were given the following training program (2 days a week) for 8 weeks and each group was given the same training curriculum with its own feedback method; Weeks: 1 Lesson 1:Running, Animal Walks, Forward Roll, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Lesson 2: Running, Animal Walks, Forward Roll, Backward Roll, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Balance (static) Exercises, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Weeks:2 Lesson 1: Running, Animal Walks, Forward Roll, Backward Roll, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Static Strength Exercises, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Lesson 2: Running, Animal Walks, Roll Exercises, Cartwheel, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Staircase Exercise, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits

Weeks 3:

Lesson 1: Running, Stretching Exercises, Animal Walks, Roll Exercises, Cartwheel, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Plyometric Exercises, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Lesson 2: Running, Animal Walks, Cartwheel, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Balance (static) Exercise, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Weeks:4 Lesson 1: Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Dynamic Strength Exercises, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Lesson 2: Running, Animal Walks, Cartwheel, Handstand Exercise, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Stretching Exercise, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Weeks:5 Lesson 1: Running, Stretching, Animal Walks, Roll Exercises, Cartwheel, Handstand, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Static Strength Exercises, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Lesson 2: Running, Stretching, Animal Walks, Roll Exercises, Cartwheel, Handstand, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Staircase Exercises, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Weeks:6 Lesson 1:Running, Stretching, Animal Walks, Cartwheel, Handstand, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Plyometric Exercises, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Lesson 2: Running, Animal Walks, Cartwheel, Handstand, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Weeks: 7 Lesson 1: Running, Stretching, Animal Walks, Cartwheel, Handstand, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Dynamic Strength Exercises, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Lesson 2: Stretching, Animal Walks, Cartwheel, Handstand, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Running Exercise, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Weeks:8 Lesson 1: Cartwheel, Handstand, Front Scale, Back Scale, Split Jump, Static Strength Exercises, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits Lesson 2: Running, Stretching, Animal Walks, An overview, Back Scale, Split Jump, Bridge, Middle Split, Front Splits.

As a result of the training program, the development of the gymnasts' Front Scale, Back Scale (Knee-Knee), Back Scale (Shoulder-Knee) and Split jump movements was examined.

Body weight measurement The participants' body weights were measured with a Xiaomi electronic scale with an accuracy of ±0.1 kg Participants' BMI was calculated as body mass (kg)/height (m2).

Height measurement Participants' heights and leg lengths measurements were measured using a Fisco brand meter ±0.1 (cm)

ELEMENTS AND ANALYSIS Front scale The basic posture begins with position and posture. With the arms up and one foot stretched above 90 degrees, the other foot at the bottom rises up to the toes and waits steadily for two seconds Back scale The movement begins with a standing position and a basic posture. In gymnastics, it is a posture in which one of the feet is on the ground and the body weight is on one leg. In the scale pose, the other leg is expected to lift up tautly. The arms are open at the sides and shoulder level. The body and arms are parallel to the ground Split jump The split jump movement, the arms are positioned above, and the legs are opened forward and back, creating a 180-degree angle KINOVEA VIDEO ANALYSING The video recordings of the athletes during the lessons were analyzed with the Kinovea program: Kinovea is a free software application that analyzes, compares, and evaluates movement. It is often used to evaluate an athlete's progress in training For kinematic analysis, recordings were made with a Redmi Note 11 mobile phone, and a Lenovo G5 laptop was used for the relevant analysis.

Front scale analysis The highest angular distance between the knee joints and the two legs was measured on the front scale (stance over 90 degrees with the leg forward).

Back scale analysis (knee-knee) and (shoulder-knee) The angle between the hind leg knee joint (knee-knee) and the shoulder and the highest angular (shoulder-knee) distance between the two legs were recorded in the scale movement. Although the back scale (knee-knee) and back scale (shoulder-knee) elements were tested on the same movement, their angular values were recorded and evaluated independently.

Split jump analysis When the jump occurred in the split jump movement, the highest angle that could be reached between the two legs and the angles of the knee joints in the relevant position were recorded.

ANALYSIS OF DATA The data used in the research were analyzed through the SPSS 27 program. The normality distributions of the data obtained with the Shapiro Wilk test are examined. Since the data obtained showed a parametric distribution, a one-way analysis of variance was applied for comparison between groups. For intragroup comparisons, analysis of variance was used for repeated measurements, and the Bonferroni test was used to reveal the source of the difference.

Conditions

Training Effectiveness; Motor Skills Development; Motor Learning

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: OTHER
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

Mixed Group

Group 1 (Mixed Feedback Group n=20) is the group in which both verbal and visual (video-supported) feedback methods were used together while applying the training program to the gymnasts.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Mixed feedback method

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Feedback (technical correction) method in which both visual and verbal feedback are predominantly used in the feedback given to the participants throughout the training program.

Visual Feedback Group

Group 2 is the group where the gymnasts are provided with visual feedback in some way throughout the training program. (Visual Feedback Group = 20)

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Visual feedback method

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Feedback (technical correction) method in which visual feedback is predominantly used in the feedback given to gymnasts throughout the training program.

Verbal Group

Group 3 (Verbal Group n=20) is the group in which verbal feedback methods are predominantly used when applying the training program to gymnasts.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Verbal feedback method

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Feedback (technical correction) method in which verbal feedback is predominantly used in the feedback given to gymnasts throughout the training program.

Interventions

Mixed feedback method

Feedback (technical correction) method in which both visual and verbal feedback are predominantly used in the feedback given to the participants throughout the training program.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Visual feedback method

Feedback (technical correction) method in which visual feedback is predominantly used in the feedback given to gymnasts throughout the training program.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Verbal feedback method

Feedback (technical correction) method in which verbal feedback is predominantly used in the feedback given to gymnasts throughout the training program.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Being between 7-11 years old
• Being a female
• Being an active gymnast

Exclusion Criteria

• Being outside between the ages of 7-11
• Being a man
• Not being involved in gymnastics

• Minimum Eligible Age: 7 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 11 Years
• Eligible Sex: FEMALE
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

TC Erciyes University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Vesile Şahiner Güler

Principal Investigator

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Mehmet Behzat Turan, Associate Professor

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

TC Erciyes University

Locations

Erciyes University

Talas, None Selected, Turkey (Türkiye)

Countries

Turkey (Türkiye)

Other Identifiers

ERU-SAGENS-VSG-02

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id