PeRsonalized Blood prEssure Management on Postoperative Complications and Mortality in hIgh-risk Patients Undergoing Major Non-cardiac Surgery

NCT ID: NCT06952387

Last Updated: 2025-07-14

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: RECRUITING
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 1624 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2025-06-03
• Study Completion Date: 2028-12-31

Brief Summary

High-risk populations, particularly elderly individuals and patients with cardiovascular comorbidities, exhibit markedly elevated incidences of postoperative myocardial injury (MINS), acute kidney injury (AKI), and mortality.

Intraoperative hypotension (IOH), a pervasive clinical phenomenon affecting 40%-90% of surgical cases, Substantial observational evidence links IOH severity/duration to ischemic organ injuries (MINS, AKI) and long-term morbidity.Nevertheless, inherent limitations of observational designs-particularly residual confounding-preclude definitive causal inferences. Notably, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating goal-directed hemodynamic interventions demonstrate inconsistent clinical benefits, underscoring the imperative to clarify causal mechanisms between IOH and organ injury. This causal ambiguity arises from two unresolved scientific questions:

(1) Threshold personalization deficit; (2) Therapeutic strategy limitations. In light of current evidence, perioperative hypotension management demands personalized strategies, the investigators propose a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) that aims to clarify the clinical benefits of individualized blood pressure management.

Detailed Description

Anesthesia- and surgery-related complications and mortality constitute a critical global public health burden. Annually, over 300 million surgical procedures are performed worldwide, with postoperative complications and mortality standing as predominant contributors to adverse outcomes. High-risk populations, particularly elderly individuals and patients with cardiovascular comorbidities, exhibit markedly elevated incidences of postoperative myocardial injury (MINS), acute kidney injury (AKI), and mortality. Refinement of perioperative management protocols-especially precision-guided hemodynamic control-has emerged as a pivotal strategy for optimizing patient prognosis.

Intraoperative hypotension (IOH), a pervasive clinical phenomenon affecting 40%-90% of surgical cases, is conventionally defined through either absolute thresholds (e.g., systolic blood pressure (SBP) <90 mmHg or mean arterial pressure (MAP) <65 mmHg) or relative reductions from baseline values (>20% decline). Its high prevalence and association with end-organ hypoperfusion have positioned IOH as a central concern in perioperative care. Substantial observational evidence links IOH severity/duration to ischemic organ injuries (MINS, AKI) and long-term morbidity. Nevertheless, inherent limitations of observational designs-particularly residual confounding-preclude definitive causal inferences. Notably, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating goal-directed hemodynamic interventions demonstrate inconsistent clinical benefits, underscoring the imperative to clarify causal mechanisms between IOH and organ injury.

This causal ambiguity arises from two unresolved scientific questions:

1. Threshold personalization deficit: Current paradigms predominantly apply population-based fixed thresholds (e.g., MAP ≥75-80 mmHg vs. ≥60 mmHg), disregarding interindividual hemodynamic variability. Although The Intraoperative Norepinephrine to Control Arterial Pressure (INPRESS) study used personalized blood pressure targets, its approach of measuring baseline blood pressure during a single clinic visit conflicts with current evidence. Research shows that 24-hour ambulatory monitoring is the most reliable method to capture an individual's true baseline blood pressure and daily fluctuations.

2. Therapeutic strategy limitations: Conventional protocols emphasizing aggressive vasopressor use to achieve arbitrary pressure targets may inadvertently increase complications like anastomotic leakage and AKI. Furthermore, the multifactorial etiology of IOH-encompassing hypovolemia, vasoplegia, and impaired cardiac contractility-demands etiology-specific management algorithms rather than universal interventions.

In light of current evidence, perioperative hypotension management demands personalized strategies. To address this need, the investigators propose a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) that pioneers the integration of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) with etiology-specific intervention protocols. This study aims to clarify the clinical benefits of individualized blood pressure management and establish high-quality evidence to advance precision anesthesia practices in perioperative care.

Conditions

Hypotension

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: PREVENTION
• Blinding Strategy: DOUBLE

Study Groups

Control group

In patients assigned to control group, clinicians were unaware of the results of preoperative automated 24-h blood pressure monitoring and thus managed blood pressure per institutional routine which generally is to maintain MAP above 60 mmHg. Routine blood pressure management started with the induction of anesthesia and lasted for 2 hours after surgery.

Group Type: OTHER

Routine blood pressure management

Intervention Type: OTHER

In patients assigned to routine blood pressure management, clinicians were blinded to the results of preoperative automated 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, and thus managed blood pressure per institutional routine which generally is to maintain MAP above 60 mmHg.

The mini fluid challenge (mini-FC, 100ml fluid infusion within 1minute) will be used to assess fluid responsiveness. A positive min-FC response (a stroke volume (SV) increase of at least 5%) will trigger FC administration (4ml/kg of balanced crystalloid or colloid within 10 minutes), whereas a negative min-FC response will trigger vasoactive drug administration.

Intervention group

In patients assigned to intervention group, clinicians were asked to maintain intraoperative MAP above the preoperative baseline MAP (with a maximum MAP target of 110 mmHg and a minimum MAP target of 65mmHg). Personalized blood pressure management started with the induction of anesthesia and lasted for 2 hours after surgery.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Personalized blood pressure management

Intervention Type: OTHER

In patients assigned to personalized blood pressure management, clinicians were asked to maintain intraoperative MAP at least at the preoperative mean 24-hour MAP (with a maximum MAP target of 110 mmHg) from anesthesia induction to 2 hors after completion of surgery. If the preoperative mean 24-hour MAP was below 65mmHg, intraoperative MAP was maintained at least at 65mmHg.

The mini fluid challenge (mini-FC, 100ml fluid infusion within 1minute) will be used to assess fluid responsiveness. A positive min-FC response (a stroke volume (SV) increase of at least 5%) will trigger fluid challenge (FC) administration (4ml/kg of balanced crystalloid or colloid within 10 minutes), whereas a negative min-FC response will trigger vasoactive drug administration.

Interventions

Personalized blood pressure management

In patients assigned to personalized blood pressure management, clinicians were asked to maintain intraoperative MAP at least at the preoperative mean 24-hour MAP (with a maximum MAP target of 110 mmHg) from anesthesia induction to 2 hors after completion of surgery. If the preoperative mean 24-hour MAP was below 65mmHg, intraoperative MAP was maintained at least at 65mmHg.

The mini fluid challenge (mini-FC, 100ml fluid infusion within 1minute) will be used to assess fluid responsiveness. A positive min-FC response (a stroke volume (SV) increase of at least 5%) will trigger fluid challenge (FC) administration (4ml/kg of balanced crystalloid or colloid within 10 minutes), whereas a negative min-FC response will trigger vasoactive drug administration.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Routine blood pressure management

In patients assigned to routine blood pressure management, clinicians were blinded to the results of preoperative automated 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, and thus managed blood pressure per institutional routine which generally is to maintain MAP above 60 mmHg.

The mini fluid challenge (mini-FC, 100ml fluid infusion within 1minute) will be used to assess fluid responsiveness. A positive min-FC response (a stroke volume (SV) increase of at least 5%) will trigger FC administration (4ml/kg of balanced crystalloid or colloid within 10 minutes), whereas a negative min-FC response will trigger vasoactive drug administration.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Other Intervention Names

Individualized blood pressure management; Standard blood pressure management

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Aged 65-90 yr;
• Scheduled to undergo elective non-cardiac major surgery under general anesthesia (with an estimated surgery duration of ≥ 2 hours and an anticipated postoperative hospital stay of ≥ 2 days);
• Patients with high cardiovascular risk, meeting at least one of the following conditions:

1. History of stroke;

2. History of coronary artery disease;

3. History of congestive heart failure;

4. History of peripheral arterial disease;

5. Preoperative brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) ≥ 92 mg/L or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) ≥ 300 ng/L;

6. Preoperative cardiac troponin (cTn) or high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) > upper reference limit;

7. Hypertension requiring medication treatment;

8. Diabetes requiring medication treatment;

9. History of chronic kidney disease;

10. Continuous smoking for 2 years or more, with interruptions of less than one month before the current hospital admission;

11. Hypercholesterolemia;

12. History of transient ischemic attack.

Exclusion Criteria

• Refuse to participate this trial;
• Inability to communicate in the preoperative period because of coma, profound dementia, or language barrier;
• Severe uncontrolled hypertension before surgery (systolic blood pressure ≥ 180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 110 mmHg);
• Severe hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh Class C); or severe renal dysfunction required preoperative dialysis; or American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status ≥ V; or expectation lifespan ≤ 24h;
• Unstable cardiovascular conditions: acute coronary syndrome, decompensated heart failure, severe arrhythmias, severe valvular heart disease;
• Scheduled to undergo neurosurgical procedures, transplantation, vascular surgery;
• Urgent surgery;
• Diagnosed with sepsis or sepsis shock before surgery.
• Requiring vasopressor treatment before surgery.
• Unable to finish 24-hour automated blood pressure monitor;
• Current participation in another interventional study.
• Any condition deemed ineligible for participation by clinicians.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 65 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 90 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

Ke-Xuan Liu, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University

Locations

Guangzhou First People's Hospital

Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Site Status: ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING

Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University

Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Site Status: RECRUITING

The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University

Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Site Status: RECRUITING

The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen

Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Site Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING

The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University

Zhuhai, Guangdong, China

Site Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING

The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University

Xi’an, Shanxi, China

Site Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital

Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

Site Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Countries

China

Central Contacts

Ke-Xuan Liu, MD

Role: CONTACT

liukexuan705@163.com

13710684096

Shuang-Jie Cao, MD

Role: CONTACT

caosjie1994@126.com

13651119431

Facility Contacts

Ke-Xuan Liu, MD

Role: primary

liukexuan705@163.com

13710684096

Zhong-Xian He

Role: primary

Qiang Wu, MD

Role: primary

De-Zhao Liu, MD

Role: primary

Wei Gao, MD

Role: primary

Gang Chen

Role: primary

References

Wesselink EM, Kappen TH, Torn HM, Slooter AJC, van Klei WA. Intraoperative hypotension and the risk of postoperative adverse outcomes: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Oct;121(4):706-721. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.036. Epub 2018 Jun 20.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 30236233 (View on PubMed)

Saugel B, Fletcher N, Gan TJ, Grocott MPW, Myles PS, Sessler DI; PeriOperative Quality Initiative XI (POQI XI) Workgroup Members. PeriOperative Quality Initiative (POQI) international consensus statement on perioperative arterial pressure management. Br J Anaesth. 2024 Aug;133(2):264-276. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2024.04.046. Epub 2024 Jun 4.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 38839472 (View on PubMed)

Wanner PM, Wulff DU, Djurdjevic M, Korte W, Schnider TW, Filipovic M. Targeting Higher Intraoperative Blood Pressures Does Not Reduce Adverse Cardiovascular Events Following Noncardiac Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Nov 2;78(18):1753-1764. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.048.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 34711333 (View on PubMed)

Marcucci M, Painter TW, Conen D, Lomivorotov V, Sessler DI, Chan MTV, Borges FK, Leslie K, Duceppe E, Martinez-Zapata MJ, Wang CY, Xavier D, Ofori SN, Wang MK, Efremov S, Landoni G, Kleinlugtenbelt YV, Szczeklik W, Schmartz D, Garg AX, Short TG, Wittmann M, Meyhoff CS, Amir M, Torres D, Patel A, Ruetzler K, Parlow JL, Tandon V, Fleischmann E, Polanczyk CA, Lamy A, Jayaram R, Astrakov SV, Wu WKK, Cheong CC, Ayad S, Kirov M, de Nadal M, Likhvantsev VV, Paniagua P, Aguado HJ, Maheshwari K, Whitlock RP, McGillion MH, Vincent J, Copland I, Balasubramanian K, Biccard BM, Srinathan S, Ismoilov S, Pettit S, Stillo D, Kurz A, Belley-Cote EP, Spence J, McIntyre WF, Bangdiwala SI, Guyatt G, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ; POISE-3 Trial Investigators and Study Groups. Hypotension-Avoidance Versus Hypertension-Avoidance Strategies in Noncardiac Surgery : An International Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2023 May;176(5):605-614. doi: 10.7326/M22-3157. Epub 2023 Apr 25.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 37094336 (View on PubMed)

Futier E, Lefrant JY, Guinot PG, Godet T, Lorne E, Cuvillon P, Bertran S, Leone M, Pastene B, Piriou V, Molliex S, Albanese J, Julia JM, Tavernier B, Imhoff E, Bazin JE, Constantin JM, Pereira B, Jaber S; INPRESS Study Group. Effect of Individualized vs Standard Blood Pressure Management Strategies on Postoperative Organ Dysfunction Among High-Risk Patients Undergoing Major Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Oct 10;318(14):1346-1357. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.14172.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 28973220 (View on PubMed)

Nicklas JY, Bergholz A, Dake F, Pham HHD, Rabe MC, Schlichting H, Skrovanek S, Flick M, Kouz K, Fischer M, Olotu C, Izbicki JR, Mann O, Fisch M, Schmalfeldt B, Frosch KH, Renne T, Krause L, Zollner C, Saugel B. Personalised blood pressure management during major noncardiac surgery and postoperative neurocognitive disorders: a randomised trial. BJA Open. 2024 Jul 1;11:100294. doi: 10.1016/j.bjao.2024.100294. eCollection 2024 Sep.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 39050403 (View on PubMed)

Saugel B, Reese PC, Sessler DI, Burfeindt C, Nicklas JY, Pinnschmidt HO, Reuter DA, Sudfeld S. Automated Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements and Intraoperative Hypotension in Patients Having Noncardiac Surgery with General Anesthesia: A Prospective Observational Study. Anesthesiology. 2019 Jul;131(1):74-83. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002703.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 30998509 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

NFEC-2025-134

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id