Effects of Minimally vs. Ultra-Processed Diets on Potassium (K) Handling in CKD

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

NOT_YET_RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

48 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2025-12-01

Study Completion Date

2028-06-01

Brief Summary

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What is this study about?

This clinical trial is designed to learn how potassium from different types of food affects blood potassium levels and overall health in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD, stages 3B-5).

People with CKD are often advised to avoid potassium-rich foods, even though fresh fruits and vegetables are important for good health. However, potassium in processed foods (such as packaged snacks and ready-made meals) may be absorbed differently than potassium from fresh foods.

This study will compare minimally processed vs. ultra-processed foods to determine how different sources of potassium affect potassium levels and help create better dietary recommendations for people with CKD.

What are the study goals?

The study will answer:

* Does potassium from fresh foods (like fruits and vegetables) affect blood potassium differently than potassium from processed foods?
* How does dietary potassium impact potassium absorption and excretion in people with CKD?

Researchers will compare the effects of four diets to understand how low and normal-potassium rich diets from fresh vs. processed foods influence:

* Blood potassium levels
* Body composition (muscle, fat, and fluid balance)
* Vascular health

What will participants do?

Participants will follow four different 10-day diets over the course of the study. All food will be provided at no cost. These diets are:

* Minimally processed with low-potassium content
* Minimally processed with normal potassium content
* Ultra-processed with with low-potassium content
* Ultra-processed with normal potassium content

There will be 16-day breaks (washout period) between diets where participants return to their normal eating habits.

During the study, participants will:

* Pick up prepared meals from the research center approximately 3 times per week.
* Attend checkups for weight, blood pressure, and blood tests.
* Provide urine samples to track potassium levels.
* Wear a comfortable, cuff-free blood pressure monitor at home.
* Keep a study journal to track diet, medications, and symptoms.
* Complete questionnaires about diet satisfaction and health changes.

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Detailed Description

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Conditions

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Chronic Kidney Disease

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

CROSSOVER

Primary Study Purpose

BASIC_SCIENCE

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Low-potassium, ultra-processed diet

Participants in this group will follow a diet consisting of ultra-processed foods with restricted potassium content.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Low-potassium, ultra-processed diet

Intervention Type OTHER

A diet restricted in potassium, primarily composed of industrially processed foods such as packaged snacks and processed meals.

Normal potassium-rich, minimally processed diet

Participants in this group will follow a diet consisting of minimally processed foods with a normal potassium content.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Normal potassium-rich, minimally processed diet

Intervention Type OTHER

A diet with normal potassium content, primarily composed of fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other minimally processed foods, rich in naturally occurring potassium, following a Mediterranean-style pattern.

Normal potassium-rich, ultra-processed diet

Participants in this group will follow a diet consisting of ultra-processed foods with a normal potassium content.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Normal potassium-rich, ultra-processed diet

Intervention Type OTHER

A diet with normal potassium content, primarily composed of industrially processed foods such as packaged snacks and processed meals

Low-potassium, minimally processed diet

Participants in this group will follow a diet consisting of minimally processed foods with restricted potassium content.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Low-potassium, minimally processed diet

Intervention Type OTHER

A diet restricted in naturally occurring potassium, primarily composed of fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other minimally processed foods.

Interventions

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Low-potassium, ultra-processed diet

A diet restricted in potassium, primarily composed of industrially processed foods such as packaged snacks and processed meals.

Intervention Type OTHER

Low-potassium, minimally processed diet

A diet restricted in naturally occurring potassium, primarily composed of fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other minimally processed foods.

Intervention Type OTHER

Normal potassium-rich, minimally processed diet

A diet with normal potassium content, primarily composed of fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other minimally processed foods, rich in naturally occurring potassium, following a Mediterranean-style pattern.

Intervention Type OTHER

Normal potassium-rich, ultra-processed diet

A diet with normal potassium content, primarily composed of industrially processed foods such as packaged snacks and processed meals

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Participants aged ≥18 years living with stage 3B-5 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 15 mL/min/1.73m2) on conservative kidney management (not on dialysis).
* Able and willing to follow a controlled feeding regimen, attend in-person visits, provide informed consent, and comply with study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria

General

* Pregnant or lactating women.
* Transitioning transgender individuals.
* Individuals with strict dietary preferences (e.g., vegetarians, vegans) or allergies/intolerance that would preclude participation in the diet phases.

Kidney Function

* Foreseen start of renal replacement therapy within the next 6 months.
* Acute kidney injury in the past 3 months.
* 2-year Kidney Failure Risk Equation \> 40%.
* Preemptive kidney transplant planned within the next 6 months.
* History of kidney transplant.
* Active glomerulonephritis. Comorbidities
* Acute myocardial infarction or stroke within the past 6 months.
* Active cancer.
* Ileostomy, short bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
* Body mass index \< 18.5 or ≥ 35.
* New York Heart Association Class III or IV congestive heart failure.
* History of ventricular arrhythmia.
* Major surgery within the past 3 months.
* Active autoimmune disease.
* Glycated hemoglobin \> 10% within the past 3 months.
* Gastroparesis.
* Chronic nausea and vomiting.
* Intensive care unit admission within the past 3 months.
* Significant psychiatric disease.
* Uncontrolled blood pressure (above 160/100). Current Use of Medications/Supplements
* Immunosuppressives.
* Potassium binders.
* Lithium.
* Motility agents.
* More than 2 medications that inhibit renal potassium excretion (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists).
* Supplements known to influence potassium levels. Potassium-Related Conditions
* Potassium \> 5.5 mmol/L in more than 3 episodes within the past year.
* Participants with genetic issues affecting potassium handling (e.g. Barter and Liddle syndrome) or other unique health conditions that could interfere with potassium handling.

Intervention-related Conditions

* Fluid volume status or hypertension being actively managed. Other Factors
* Documented non-adherence to medications or other therapeutic measures.
* Use of tube feeding or parenteral nutrition.

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No