Improving Sports and Recreation Services in Mashhad for Elderly and Intergenerational Interaction (ESPIRE-M)
NCT ID: NCT06860126
Last Updated: 2025-03-05
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
384 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2018-09-05
2019-02-12
Brief Summary
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Field Section:
1. Assess seniors' perceptions of services using the SERVQUAL questionnaire and other tools.
2. Conduct a SWOT analysis to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to elderly sports participation.
Experimental Section:
Evaluate the impact of intergenerational sports activities on elderly participants (aged 60+). Participants were paired with younger individuals and randomly allocated to five groups, including a control group.
Group Tasks:
* Control Group: 78 seniors continued daily routines without structured activities.
* Experimental Groups:
1. Non-sport intergenerational interaction sessions (90 minutes, 3x/week).
2. Intergenerational yoga sessions (90 minutes, 3x/week).
3. Light aerobic exercises + group discussions (90 minutes, 3x/week).
4. Non-exercise intergenerational sessions in a park (90 minutes, 3x/week).
5. Non-exercise intergenerational sessions in a nursing home (90 minutes, 3x/week).
Field Study Sample:
* 384 customers of Mashhad Municipality sports facilities (192 women, 192 men).
Key Notes:
* Elderly participants were selected through cluster sampling; younger participants were purposively sampled from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
* Gender balance (50% women, 50% men) was maintained in all groups.
Main Questions:
1. How do service quality factors influence customers of Mashhad Municipality sports facilities?
2. Do intergenerational programs improve quality of life, health, and well-being for seniors?
3. What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for elderly sports participation?
4. What strategies can enhance elderly participation in sports?
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Detailed Description
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The following questionnaires will be utilized to achieve the research objectives:
1. Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire: Includes variables such as age, gender, marital status, income, education level, occupation, and number of children.
2. Socio-economic Status Questionnaire: Assesses various dimensions of socio-economic status.
3. World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire: Measures quality of life based on established criteria.
4. Elderly Depression Questionnaire: Assesses depression levels among elderly participants.
5. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28): A self-administered tool examining overall health, focusing on non-psychotic disorders.
6. Parent-Child Relationship Scale: Evaluates the dynamics of relationships between parents and their children.
7. Student Depression Questionnaire: Measures depression levels among university students.
8. Service Quality Questionnaire: Assesses the quality of services provided.
9. Facility Checklist and Productivity Index Checklist: Tools for evaluating facility conditions and efficiency.
10. World Health Organization Age-Friendly City Criteria Questionnaire: Assesses compliance with age-friendly city standards.
2\. Study Population and Sample Selection
The study population includes two groups:
* Elderly Participants: Individuals aged 60 years and older residing in Mashhad. Recruitment will occur through public announcements and notices in locations such as parks and mosques, aiming to enroll 150 elderly individuals using purposive and convenient sampling.
* Young Participants: Students aged 20 to 24 years enrolled at Islamic Azad University. A total of 100 students (50 male, 50 female) will be recruited through public announcements and notices posted in all faculties during the academic year 2017-2018.
After collecting demographic data and completing questionnaires, elderly participants will be randomly assigned to three groups: two experimental groups and one control group. The sample size is based on experimental research designs, with a larger number selected to enhance generalizability and reduce dropout rates.
3\. Limitations of the Study
* Lack of accurate data on the number of active elderly individuals and their participation levels in regular sports activities.
* Cultural barriers limiting women's participation in community activities.
* Limited access to organizations specializing in elderly issues, restricting the ability to obtain a representative sample.
4\. Ethical Considerations
* Participants will be informed about the study's objectives and methodology before participation.
* Informed consent will be obtained from all participants.
* Confidentiality of personal information will be maintained.
* Private interpretations of results will be offered to interested individuals.
* No financial burden will be imposed on participants.
* The study will comply with religious and cultural standards relevant to participants and the broader community.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
Research Design Participants were randomly assigned to six distinct groups: five experimental groups focused on different activities (intergenerational interaction, yoga exercises, exercise and interaction, park activities, and nursing home interaction) and one control group that maintained regular daily activities. This design allows for direct comparison of outcomes across groups and effectively assesses the interventions' relative effectiveness.
Study Population and Sample Selection The study targeted elderly individuals aged 60 years and older, totaling 22,481, along with young participants aged 20 to 24 from Islamic Azad University. A cluster sampling method was employed to recruit 180 elderly participants, evenly divided by gender, along with 150 young
PREVENTION
DOUBLE
1. Data Analysts: Individuals analyzing the trial data to prevent bias in the interpretation of results.
2. Monitoring Entities: Independent monitors overseeing the trial, who are kept unaware of the treatment allocations to ensure objectivity in their assessments.
This masking strategy helps maintain the integrity of the trial and reduces the risk of bias impacting the outcomes.
Study Groups
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Experimental Group 1
* Tasks: Engage in 90-minute non-sport intergenerational interaction sessions, three times weekly for three months, in a controlled indoor environment. Activities include paired interactions and group discussions.
* Participants: 60 seniors (30 women, 30 men) and 60 younger individuals (30 women, 30 men, average age 21.45 ± 0.35 years).
Intergenerational Activity Program: This indicates a program that involves activities designed for interaction between older adults and younger participants
Engage in 90-minute intergenerational interaction sessions, three times a week for three months, in a controlled indoor environment.
* Spend the first 45 minutes actively interacting with a younger participant in pairs, collaborating on activities of interest to the senior.
* Participate in group activities such as book reading, puzzles, joke-telling, and sharing experiences for the remaining 45 minutes.
* Attend 36 sessions held on odd days in the main hall of the Neshat Center.
* Gender Representation:
* 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
* 60 younger participants (30 women and 30 men) with an average age of 21.45 ± 0.35 years, selected through purposive sampling from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
Experimental Group 2
* Tasks: Participate in 90-minute intergenerational yoga sessions, three times weekly for three months, in a gym setting. Sessions include warm-up, yoga exercises (asanas and pranayama), and relaxation.
* Participants: 60 seniors (30 women, 30 men) and 60 younger individuals (30 women, 30 men).
Yoga and Mindfulness Sessions
Participate in 90-minute intergenerational yoga sessions, three times a week for three months, in a gym setting.
* Perform modified yoga exercises suitable for seniors, including:
* 20 minutes of warm-up with stretching and joint rotations.
* 50 minutes of main exercises (asanas and pranayama).
* 20 minutes of relaxation and meditation (Shavasana).
* Attend sessions on odd days at 9 AM in the Neshat Center yoga hall.
* Gender Representation:
* 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
* 60 younger participants (30 women and 30 men) with an average age of 21.45 ± 0.35 years, selected through purposive sampling from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
Experimental Group 3
* Tasks: Engage in 60-minute light aerobic exercises in a park, followed by 30-minute group discussions, three times weekly for three months.
* Participants: 60 seniors (30 women, 30 men) and 60 younger individuals (30 women, 30 men).
Physical Exercise and Storytelling
Engage in 60-minute light aerobic exercises, three times a week for three months, in a park setting.
* Follow warm-up and aerobic exercises led by a senior fitness instructor.
* Spend 30 minutes in a friendly group discussion, sharing experiences and memories with younger participants.
* Attend sessions on even days at 9 AM in Mashhad's Mellat Park.
* Gender Representation:
* 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
* 60 younger participants (30 women and 30 men) with an average age of 21.45 ± 0.35 years, selected through purposive sampling from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
Experimental Group 4
* Tasks: Participate in 90-minute non-exercise intergenerational interaction sessions in a park, focusing on group discussions and storytelling.
* Participants: 60 seniors (30 women, 30 men) and 60 younger individuals (30 women, 30 men).
Outdoor Interaction Games
Participate in 90-minute intergenerational interaction sessions, three times a week for three months, in a park setting.
* Engage in non-exercise activities such as group discussions, storytelling, and sharing experiences with younger participants.
* Attend sessions on even days at 9 AM in Mashhad's Mellat Park.
* Gender Representation:
* 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
* 60 younger participants (30 women and 30 men) with an average age of 21.45 ± 0.35 years, selected through purposive sampling from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
Experimental Group 5
* Tasks: Engage in 90-minute non-exercise intergenerational interaction sessions in a nursing home, focusing on group discussions and storytelling.
* Participants: 60 seniors (30 women, 30 men) and 60 younger individuals (30 women, 30 men).
Social Visits to Nursing Homes
Engage in 90-minute intergenerational interaction sessions, three times a week for three months, in a nursing home setting.
* Participate in non-exercise activities such as group discussions, storytelling, and sharing experiences with younger participants.
* Attend sessions on odd days at 9 AM in the nursing home.
* Gender Representation:
* 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
* 60 younger participants (30 women and 30 men) with an average age of 21.45 ± 0.35 years, selected through purposive sampling from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
Control Group
* Tasks: Continue daily routines without intergenerational interaction or structured activities.
* Participants: 78 seniors (39 women, 39 men) selected through stratified random sampling.
control group
Continue with their daily routines without participating in any intergenerational interaction or structured activities.
* No specific interventions or programs are provided.
* Gender Representation:
* 78 participants (39 women and 39 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
Interventions
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Intergenerational Activity Program: This indicates a program that involves activities designed for interaction between older adults and younger participants
Engage in 90-minute intergenerational interaction sessions, three times a week for three months, in a controlled indoor environment.
* Spend the first 45 minutes actively interacting with a younger participant in pairs, collaborating on activities of interest to the senior.
* Participate in group activities such as book reading, puzzles, joke-telling, and sharing experiences for the remaining 45 minutes.
* Attend 36 sessions held on odd days in the main hall of the Neshat Center.
* Gender Representation:
* 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
* 60 younger participants (30 women and 30 men) with an average age of 21.45 ± 0.35 years, selected through purposive sampling from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
Yoga and Mindfulness Sessions
Participate in 90-minute intergenerational yoga sessions, three times a week for three months, in a gym setting.
* Perform modified yoga exercises suitable for seniors, including:
* 20 minutes of warm-up with stretching and joint rotations.
* 50 minutes of main exercises (asanas and pranayama).
* 20 minutes of relaxation and meditation (Shavasana).
* Attend sessions on odd days at 9 AM in the Neshat Center yoga hall.
* Gender Representation:
* 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
* 60 younger participants (30 women and 30 men) with an average age of 21.45 ± 0.35 years, selected through purposive sampling from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
Physical Exercise and Storytelling
Engage in 60-minute light aerobic exercises, three times a week for three months, in a park setting.
* Follow warm-up and aerobic exercises led by a senior fitness instructor.
* Spend 30 minutes in a friendly group discussion, sharing experiences and memories with younger participants.
* Attend sessions on even days at 9 AM in Mashhad's Mellat Park.
* Gender Representation:
* 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
* 60 younger participants (30 women and 30 men) with an average age of 21.45 ± 0.35 years, selected through purposive sampling from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
Outdoor Interaction Games
Participate in 90-minute intergenerational interaction sessions, three times a week for three months, in a park setting.
* Engage in non-exercise activities such as group discussions, storytelling, and sharing experiences with younger participants.
* Attend sessions on even days at 9 AM in Mashhad's Mellat Park.
* Gender Representation:
* 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
* 60 younger participants (30 women and 30 men) with an average age of 21.45 ± 0.35 years, selected through purposive sampling from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
Social Visits to Nursing Homes
Engage in 90-minute intergenerational interaction sessions, three times a week for three months, in a nursing home setting.
* Participate in non-exercise activities such as group discussions, storytelling, and sharing experiences with younger participants.
* Attend sessions on odd days at 9 AM in the nursing home.
* Gender Representation:
* 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
* 60 younger participants (30 women and 30 men) with an average age of 21.45 ± 0.35 years, selected through purposive sampling from Mashhad's Islamic Azad University.
control group
Continue with their daily routines without participating in any intergenerational interaction or structured activities.
* No specific interventions or programs are provided.
* Gender Representation:
* 78 participants (39 women and 39 men) aged 60 and above, selected through stratified random sampling from Mashhad's elderly population.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Aged 60 years or older.
Ability to engage in physical activities.
Absence of sensory or motor disabilities.
No use of antidepressant medications.
No history of conditions such as Alzheimer's or other illnesses that could pose risks during exercise.
Younger Participants:
Aged 20 to 24 years.
Unmarried.
Living with their parents.
Native residents of Mashhad.
Exclusion Criteria
Physical or psychological issues hindering participation.
Lack of willingness to continue.
60 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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Zinat Ebrahimi
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Zinat Ebrahimi
Assistant Professor
Principal Investigators
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Dr. Zinat Ebrahimi, Professor
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Physical Education and Sport, Islamic Azad Sanandaj, Iran.
Locations
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Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province, Iran
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities and Literature, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province, Iran
Countries
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References
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Ebrahimi, Zinat. Helen Nazary, Parivash Piraki. (2023). The Service Quality of Sport-entertainment Facilities of Mashhad Municipality with the Approach of an Elderly-friendly City in 2018 (Persian). Journal of Gerontology (joge), 7(4): 89-100. DOI: 10.22034/JOGE.7.4.8. https://joge.ir/article-1-618-fa.html
Veisi, K. Ismailzadeh Ghandehary, M.R. Ebrahimi, Z. (2023). Comparing the Effectiveness of Interventions of Intergenerational Interaction and Physical Activities on Depression of Elderly Women and Men (Persian). Journal of Gerontology (joge). 8(1): 10-19. https://joge.ir/article-1-620-fa.html
Ebrahimi Z, Esmaeilzadeh Ghandehary MR, Veisi K. Comparing the efficacy of Yoga exercise and intergenerational interaction program on mental health of elderly. J Research & Health2019; 9(5): 401- 410.
Eshun-Wilson I, Siegfried N, Akena DH, Stein DJ, Obuku EA, Joska JA. Antidepressants for depression in adults with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 22;1(1):CD008525. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008525.pub3.
Steptoe A, Deaton A, Stone AA. Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing. Lancet. 2015 Feb 14;385(9968):640-648. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61489-0. Epub 2014 Nov 6.
Santini S, Tombolesi V, Baschiera B, Lamura G. Intergenerational Programs Involving Adolescents, Institutionalized Elderly, and Older Volunteers: Results from a Pilot Research-Action in Italy. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Dec 5;2018:4360305. doi: 10.1155/2018/4360305. eCollection 2018.
Murayama Y, Ohba H, Yasunaga M, Nonaka K, Takeuchi R, Nishi M, Sakuma N, Uchida H, Shinkai S, Fujiwara Y. The effect of intergenerational programs on the mental health of elderly adults. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(4):306-14. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2014.933309. Epub 2014 Jul 10.
Murayama Y, Murayama H, Hasebe M, Yamaguchi J, Fujiwara Y. The impact of intergenerational programs on social capital in Japan: a randomized population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019 Feb 6;19(1):156. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6480-3.
Mosor E, Waldherr K, Kjeken I, Omara M, Ritschl V, Pinter-Theiss V, Smolen J, Hubel U, Stamm T. An intergenerational program based on psycho-motor activity promotes well-being and interaction between preschool children and older adults: results of a process and outcome evaluation study in Austria. BMC Public Health. 2019 Mar 1;19(1):254. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6572-0.
Luanaigh CO, Lawlor BA. Loneliness and the health of older people. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 Dec;23(12):1213-21. doi: 10.1002/gps.2054.
Kamei T, Itoi W, Kajii F, Kawakami C, Hasegawa M, Sugimoto T. Six month outcomes of an innovative weekly intergenerational day program with older adults and school-aged children in a Japanese urban community. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2011 Jun;8(1):95-107. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2010.00164.x. Epub 2010 Dec 9.
Halpin SN, Dillard RL, Idler E, Clevenger C, Rothschild E, Blanton S, Wilson J, Flacker JM. The benefits of being a senior mentor: Cultivating resilience through the mentorship of health professions students. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2017 Jul-Sep;38(3):283-294. doi: 10.1080/02701960.2015.1079707. Epub 2015 Aug 7.
Di Martino G, Della Valle C, Centorbi M, Buonsenso A, Fiorilli G, Crova C, di Cagno A, Calcagno G, Iuliano E. Bridging Generations Through Movement: "How and Why" Intergenerational Programs Operate-A Systematic and Narrative Review. Geriatrics (Basel). 2024 Oct 22;9(6):139. doi: 10.3390/geriatrics9060139.
Bruce ML. Psychosocial risk factors for depressive disorders in late life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Aug 1;52(3):175-84. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01410-5.
Barbosa, M. R., Campinho, A., & Silva, G. (2021). "give and receive": The impact of an intergenerational program on institutionalized children and older adults. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 19(3), 283-304.
Au, A., Ng, E., Garner, B., Lai, S., & Chan, K. (2015). Proactive aging and intergenerational mentoring program to promote the well-being of older adults: pilot studies. Clinical Gerontologist, 38(3), 203-210.
Alonso-Cortes Fradejas B, Lafuente-Ureta R, Calvo S, Fernandez-Gorgojo M, Poveda-Lopez JL, Jimenez-Sanchez C. Analysis of an intergenerational service-learning experience based on physical exercise in a community setting: a mixed-method study. Front Public Health. 2025 Jan 14;12:1509016. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1509016. eCollection 2024.
Other Identifiers
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IR-IAU-MSHD.REC.1397.027
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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