Comparative Effects of Big Toe Flexor and Calf Strengthening Exercises on Medial Arch in Athletes With Flat Foot
NCT ID: NCT06479525
Last Updated: 2024-06-28
Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
32 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2023-11-23
2024-05-30
Brief Summary
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The study will be a randomized clinical trial. The study will be conducted in Pakistan Sports Board (PSB) Lahore. The sample size will be calculated by convenience sampling technique. The inclusion criteria will be participants of age between eighteen and thirty years old. Both male and female participants will be included. Athletes involved in sports more than one year and with asymptomatic flexible flatfeet (NDT \> 10mm) will be included. Navicular drop test, Foot function index questionnaire, arch height index, toe/hip dynamometer and vertical jump test will be the tools used for assessment and evaluation. Participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be divided into two groups. Baseline measures and eight-week assessment of navicular drop test and arch height index will be taken. Strength of toe flexors will be evaluated with toe dynamometer. Participants who will meet the inclusion criteria will be provided with ethical consent forms and after baseline assessments, exercise program will be guided. Group A will perform big toe flexor strengthening exercises in addition to the sports plan they already follow. Group B will be assigned with calf strengthening exercises in addition to the plan they are following. Eight-week intervention program will be provided that will include warm up, therapeutic exercises including toe raises, towel curls and therapeutic band exercises, and then cool down period that includes stretching exercises.
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Detailed Description
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Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Group A
16 participants will be in experimental group giving them Big Toe flexor strengthening exercises protocol along with their normal sports training plan for eight weeks, measuring all values before giving them protocol and after protocol.
Big Toe Flexor Strengthening Exercises
16 participants will be in experimental group A giving them Big Toe Flexor strengthening exercise protocol along with the sports training plan for eight weeks measuring all values before giving them protocol and after protocol.
Group B
16 participants will be in experimental group giving them calf strengthening exercises protocol along with their normal sports training plan for eight weeks, measuring all values before giving them protocol and after protocol.
Calf Strengthening Exercises
16 participants will be in experimental group B giving them calf strengthening exercises including towel curls and thera band exercises along with the sports training plan for eight weeks measuring all values before giving them protocol and after protocol.
Interventions
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Big Toe Flexor Strengthening Exercises
16 participants will be in experimental group A giving them Big Toe Flexor strengthening exercise protocol along with the sports training plan for eight weeks measuring all values before giving them protocol and after protocol.
Calf Strengthening Exercises
16 participants will be in experimental group B giving them calf strengthening exercises including towel curls and thera band exercises along with the sports training plan for eight weeks measuring all values before giving them protocol and after protocol.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Both male and female
* Athletes involved in sports with more than one year
* Athletes with asymptomatic flexible flatfoot (NDT \> 10mm) (5)
Exclusion Criteria
* Athletes using foot orthoses
* Any lower limb muscle injury or trauma in the past 6 months
* Had undergone lower limb surgery
* Had lower extremity deformities: pes cavus, pes equinus, hallux valgus with greater angle than 15°, or clubfoot.(5)
* Had a sign of neurological deficit over the lower extremities.
* Female subjects if they were pregnant.
18 Years
30 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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Riphah International University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Principal Investigators
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Aamir Gul Memon, MS
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Riphah International University
Locations
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Pakistan Sports Board
Lahore, Punjab Province, Pakistan
Countries
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References
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Hashimoto T, Sakuraba K. Strength training for the intrinsic flexor muscles of the foot: effects on muscle strength, the foot arch, and dynamic parameters before and after the training. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014 Mar;26(3):373-6. doi: 10.1589/jpts.26.373. Epub 2014 Mar 25.
Lee MS, Vanore JV, Thomas JL, Catanzariti AR, Kogler G, Kravitz SR, Miller SJ, Gassen SC; Clinical Practice Guideline Adult Flatfoot Panel. Diagnosis and treatment of adult flatfoot. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2005 Mar-Apr;44(2):78-113. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2004.12.001. No abstract available.
Harutaichun P, Vongsirinavarat M, Pakpakorn P, Sathianpantarit P, Richards J. Can orthotic wedges change the lower-extremity and multi-segment foot kinematics during gait in people with plantar fasciitis? Gait Posture. 2022 Sep;97:174-183. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.07.259. Epub 2022 Aug 2.
Desmyttere G, Hajizadeh M, Bleau J, Begon M. Effect of foot orthosis design on lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics during walking in flexible pes planovalgus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2018 Nov;59:117-129. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.09.018. Epub 2018 Sep 13.
Engkananuwat P, Kanlayanaphotporn R. Gluteus medius muscle strengthening exercise effects on medial longitudinal arch height in individuals with flexible flatfoot: a randomized controlled trial. J Exerc Rehabil. 2023 Feb 23;19(1):57-66. doi: 10.12965/jer.2244572.286. eCollection 2023 Feb.
DiGiovanni CW, Langer P. The role of isolated gastrocnemius and combined Achilles contractures in the flatfoot. Foot Ankle Clin. 2007 Jun;12(2):363-79, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2007.03.005.
Saeki J, Tojima M, Torii S. Clarification of functional differences between the hallux and lesser toes during the single leg stance: immediate effects of conditioning contraction of the toe plantar flexion muscles. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Sep;27(9):2701-4. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2701. Epub 2015 Sep 30.
Jung DY, Kim MH, Koh EK, Kwon OY, Cynn HS, Lee WH. A comparison in the muscle activity of the abductor hallucis and the medial longitudinal arch angle during toe curl and short foot exercises. Phys Ther Sport. 2011 Feb;12(1):30-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.08.001. Epub 2010 Sep 15.
Yamauchi J, Koyama K. Importance of toe flexor strength in vertical jump performance. J Biomech. 2020 May 7;104:109719. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109719. Epub 2020 Feb 26.
Tahmasbi A, Shadmehr A, Attarbashi Moghadam B, Fereydounnia S. Does Kinesio taping of tibialis posterior or peroneus longus have an immediate effect on improving foot posture, dynamic balance, and biomechanical variables in young women with flexible flatfoot? Foot (Edinb). 2023 Sep;56:102032. doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2023.102032. Epub 2023 Mar 31.
Aboelnasr EA, El-Talawy HA, Abdelazim FH, Hegazy FA. Sensitivity and specificity of normalized truncated navicular height in assessment of static foot posture in children aged 6-12 years. Hong Kong Physiother J. 2019 Jun;39(1):15-23. doi: 10.1142/S1013702519500021. Epub 2018 Oct 12.
Budiman-Mak E, Conrad KJ, Roach KE. The Foot Function Index: a measure of foot pain and disability. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(6):561-70. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(91)90220-4.
Mickle KJ, Caputi P, Potter JM, Steele JR. Efficacy of a progressive resistance exercise program to increase toe flexor strength in older people. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2016 Dec;40:14-19. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.10.005. Epub 2016 Oct 7.
Raj MA, Tafti D, Kiel J. Pes Planus. 2023 May 23. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430802/
Toullec E. Adult flatfoot. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015 Feb;101(1 Suppl):S11-7. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.07.030. Epub 2015 Jan 13.
Frances JM, Feldman DS. Management of idiopathic and nonidiopathic flatfoot. Instr Course Lect. 2015;64:429-40.
Other Identifiers
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REC/RCR & AHS/23/0488 Mannan
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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