Myofascial Pain Syndrome in Patients With Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

NCT ID: NCT06012786

Last Updated: 2025-09-12

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

110 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2023-08-30

Study Completion Date

2025-02-20

Brief Summary

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The goal of this observational study is to determine the relationship between Lymphedema and Myofascial Pain Syndrome in Breast Cancer Patients.

The main questions it aims to answer:

* Is there a relationship between the stage of lymphedema and the frequency of accompanying myofascial pain syndrome in the breast cancer patients?
* Does the existence of lymphedema in breast cancer patients affect the distribution and the pain threshold values of trigger points seen in Myofascial Pain Syndrome?
* What is the impact of Myofascial pain syndrome seen in breast cancer associted lymhedema patients on upper extremity function and quality of life?

Detailed Description

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Mastectomy, breast conserving surgery, axillary lymph node dissection, sentinel lymph node biopsy and radiotherapy treatments have significant results in skin, muscle and fascia tissues in the upper extremity.

Upper extremity function is defined by the International Consortium for Measures of Health Outcomes (ICHOM) as one of the most important health measures in breast cancer patients. Long-term upper extremity dysfunction has serious effects on patients' quality of life.

Lymphedema, severe pain, decrease in shoulder joint range of motion, myofascial pain syndrome, myofascial adhesions are the leading causes affecting upper extremity function in patients with breast cancer.

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is commonly seen in patients with musculoskeletal problems and originates from muscle and surrounding tissues. It is characterized by localized or referred pain in a limited area and trigger points in the affected muscles. The incidence of myofascial pain syndrome secondary to breast cancer surgery is unknown. There is not yet a study in the literature that reveals the relationship between the stage of lymphedema and the frequency of accompanying myofascial pain syndrome in the breast cancer patients.

This study is designed as cross sectional- single centered and single blind. It is planned to include 110 breast cancer patients who had undergone the treatments as mastectomy, breast conserving surgery, lymph node dissection, sentinele lymph node biopsy or radiotherapy aged between 18-75 years-old, visiting our oncological rehabilitation outpatient clinic August 2023 through May 2024.

Patients will be divided into 2 groups according to the stage of lymphedema. It is known that pathophysiological changes develop even if there is no visible lymphedema in patients undergoing surgery and/or radiotherapy for breast cancer. There is a lifetime risk of developing lymphedema, so these patients are considered as Stage 0 (latent) . The patients with less than 3 cm difference between the circumference measurements of upper extremities will be included in the 1st group.( Stage 0) (n=55) Patients who have more than 3 cm difference between the circumference measurements of upper extremities and those with Stage 1,2 or 3 lymphedema will be included in the second group (n=55) The frequency of myofascial pain syndrome will be determined by the diagnostic criterias in both groups. The trigger points in trapezius, infraspinatus, serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major muscles will be examined and the pain-pressure threshold values will be measured with an algometer.

For the evaluation of upper extremity function and quality of life following measurement tools will be utilized in both groups: Hand-grip test with a dynamometer, goniometric measurement of range of motion (ROM) of shoulder joint, VAS numerical scales, LYMQOL and DASH questionnaires.

Data analysis will be performed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Conditions

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Myofascial Pain Syndrome Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Female Lymphedema Lymphedema of Upper Limb Pain

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

CASE_ONLY

Study Time Perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

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Group 1 (Patients with Stage 0 lymphedema)

It is known that pathophysiological changes develop even if there is no visible lymphedema in patients undergoing surgery and/or radiotherapy for breast cancer. There is a lifetime risk of developing lymphedema, so these patients are considered as Stage 0 (latent). The patients with less than 3 cm difference between the circumference measurements of upper extremities will be included in the 1st group.( Stage 0) (n=55)

Diagnostic Criteria of Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Major criteria:

1. The patient's complaint of regional pain
2. Referred pain and sensory change in the specific area of the muscle by palpation of the trigger point
3. Presence of palpable taut band
4. Presence of palpable and tender points along the length of the taut band
5. Restriction of ROM in the area of the affected muscle

Minor criteria:

1. Pain/sensory change with pressure palpation of the trigger point
2. Local twitch response with palpation/injection of the trigger point in the taut band
3. Reduction of pain by inactivation (injection or stretching of the muscle) of the trigger point 5 major and at least 1 minor criteria are required for clinical diagnosis

The Physical Examination of Trigger Points and Pain-Pressure Threshold Measurement With an Algometer

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Trigger points in trapezius, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior muscles will be detected bilaterally by physical examination. Algometer (Wagner Force Dial FDK 20) will be used for pain pressure threshold measurement of detected trigger points. Then, the distribution of the trigger points, their frequency and threshold values according to the algometer will be compared between the individual affected-insured extremities and between the groups.

Hand Grip Test

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

The purpose of this test is to test the maximum isometric contraction strength of the hand and forearm muscles. A hand grip dynamometer (Jamar) will be used for the test. While the patient is sitting in the chair, the elbows will be close to the body and at 90 degree flexion, the wrist will be in a neutral position. The patient will be asked to grasp the dynamometer and squeeze it as hard as she can, and the average of 3 measurements made with an interval of 5 minutes. The test will be repeated for both upper extremities separately.

VAS

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Shoulder pain, feeling of tension and heaviness on the affected arm will be evaluated separately by numerical scale.

Quick DASH

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

The quick DASH questionnaire which has proven reliable and valid in breast cancer and lymphedema patients in Turkish population, will be used to evaluate the quality of life related to upper extremity function.

Lymqol-Arm

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Lymphedema Quality of Life Scale-Arm Turkish form will be used. The lymphedema-specific quality of life scale was developed specifically for the upper extremity and its reliability and validity were proven in Turkish population.

Range of Motion of Shoulde Joint

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Goniometric measurements will be made for both upper extremities, and the average of 3 consecutive measurements will be taken.

Group 2 (Patients with Stage 1,2 or 3 lymphedema)

Patients who have more than 3 cm difference between the circumference measurements of upper extremities and those with Stage 1,2 or 3 lymphedema will be included in the second group (n=55)

Diagnostic Criteria of Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Major criteria:

1. The patient's complaint of regional pain
2. Referred pain and sensory change in the specific area of the muscle by palpation of the trigger point
3. Presence of palpable taut band
4. Presence of palpable and tender points along the length of the taut band
5. Restriction of ROM in the area of the affected muscle

Minor criteria:

1. Pain/sensory change with pressure palpation of the trigger point
2. Local twitch response with palpation/injection of the trigger point in the taut band
3. Reduction of pain by inactivation (injection or stretching of the muscle) of the trigger point 5 major and at least 1 minor criteria are required for clinical diagnosis

The Physical Examination of Trigger Points and Pain-Pressure Threshold Measurement With an Algometer

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Trigger points in trapezius, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior muscles will be detected bilaterally by physical examination. Algometer (Wagner Force Dial FDK 20) will be used for pain pressure threshold measurement of detected trigger points. Then, the distribution of the trigger points, their frequency and threshold values according to the algometer will be compared between the individual affected-insured extremities and between the groups.

Hand Grip Test

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

The purpose of this test is to test the maximum isometric contraction strength of the hand and forearm muscles. A hand grip dynamometer (Jamar) will be used for the test. While the patient is sitting in the chair, the elbows will be close to the body and at 90 degree flexion, the wrist will be in a neutral position. The patient will be asked to grasp the dynamometer and squeeze it as hard as she can, and the average of 3 measurements made with an interval of 5 minutes. The test will be repeated for both upper extremities separately.

VAS

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Shoulder pain, feeling of tension and heaviness on the affected arm will be evaluated separately by numerical scale.

Quick DASH

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

The quick DASH questionnaire which has proven reliable and valid in breast cancer and lymphedema patients in Turkish population, will be used to evaluate the quality of life related to upper extremity function.

Lymqol-Arm

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Lymphedema Quality of Life Scale-Arm Turkish form will be used. The lymphedema-specific quality of life scale was developed specifically for the upper extremity and its reliability and validity were proven in Turkish population.

Range of Motion of Shoulde Joint

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Goniometric measurements will be made for both upper extremities, and the average of 3 consecutive measurements will be taken.

Interventions

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Diagnostic Criteria of Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Major criteria:

1. The patient's complaint of regional pain
2. Referred pain and sensory change in the specific area of the muscle by palpation of the trigger point
3. Presence of palpable taut band
4. Presence of palpable and tender points along the length of the taut band
5. Restriction of ROM in the area of the affected muscle

Minor criteria:

1. Pain/sensory change with pressure palpation of the trigger point
2. Local twitch response with palpation/injection of the trigger point in the taut band
3. Reduction of pain by inactivation (injection or stretching of the muscle) of the trigger point 5 major and at least 1 minor criteria are required for clinical diagnosis

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

The Physical Examination of Trigger Points and Pain-Pressure Threshold Measurement With an Algometer

Trigger points in trapezius, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior muscles will be detected bilaterally by physical examination. Algometer (Wagner Force Dial FDK 20) will be used for pain pressure threshold measurement of detected trigger points. Then, the distribution of the trigger points, their frequency and threshold values according to the algometer will be compared between the individual affected-insured extremities and between the groups.

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Hand Grip Test

The purpose of this test is to test the maximum isometric contraction strength of the hand and forearm muscles. A hand grip dynamometer (Jamar) will be used for the test. While the patient is sitting in the chair, the elbows will be close to the body and at 90 degree flexion, the wrist will be in a neutral position. The patient will be asked to grasp the dynamometer and squeeze it as hard as she can, and the average of 3 measurements made with an interval of 5 minutes. The test will be repeated for both upper extremities separately.

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

VAS

Shoulder pain, feeling of tension and heaviness on the affected arm will be evaluated separately by numerical scale.

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Quick DASH

The quick DASH questionnaire which has proven reliable and valid in breast cancer and lymphedema patients in Turkish population, will be used to evaluate the quality of life related to upper extremity function.

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Lymqol-Arm

Lymphedema Quality of Life Scale-Arm Turkish form will be used. The lymphedema-specific quality of life scale was developed specifically for the upper extremity and its reliability and validity were proven in Turkish population.

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Range of Motion of Shoulde Joint

Goniometric measurements will be made for both upper extremities, and the average of 3 consecutive measurements will be taken.

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Breast cancer patients aged between 18-75 who had undergone the treatments as mastectomy, breast conserving surgery, lymph node dissection, sentinele lymph node biopsy or radiotherapy providing a written consent to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria

* Patients who do not agree to participate the study
* Patients who had signs of active infection as lymphangitis, cellulitis, fungus
* Bilateral breast cancer patients
* Uncontrolled Psychiatric illness
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

75 Years

Eligible Sex

FEMALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Sultan Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Yeliz Bahar Özdemir

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

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Sultan 2. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital

Istanbul, Kadıköy, Turkey (Türkiye)

Site Status

Countries

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Turkey (Türkiye)

Other Identifiers

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23/338

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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