Effects of Exergames and Resistance Training

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

30 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-04-01

Study Completion Date

2025-05-30

Brief Summary

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Frailty is a common geriatric condition with significantly increased vulnerability to stress and susceptibility of negative health-related outcomes. Sacropenia and impaired cognitive function are two major contributors to frailty. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the combined use of exergaming and resistance training in improving the frailty of nursing home residents.

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Detailed Description

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Frailty is a common geriatric condition with significantly increased vulnerability to stress and susceptibility of negative health-related outcomes. The prevalence rates of frailty varies across countries, and the pooled estimates of prevalence rates of 52.3% and 40.2% of frailty and prefrailty were reported among nursing home residents respectively. Previous studies also revealed that frailty is predictive for various adverse health outcomes.

Sacropenia is a major etiologic risk factor to frailty. It refers to an age-related generalised muscle disorder featuring with loss of muscle mass and function5. Talar et al systematically reviewed and meta-analysed 25 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) using resistance training among 2,267 older people (age \>65 years) with pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, pre-frailty or frailty. It was revealed that, compared to control, resistance training with at least 8 weeks intervention period had small to large effects in improving handgrip strength, lower-limb strength, agility, gait speed, postural stability, functional performance, fat mass and muscle \[Effect size (ES) = 0.29 - 0.93, p \<0.001 to = 0.007\].

Cognitive impairment is another major risk factor for declined frailty status among prefrail older people. Non-frail older people are known to have better performance on cognitive status, including processing speed, executive function, attention and working memory, immediate memory and delayed memory (g = 0.320 to 0.64), than frail older people. Ample research evidence suggested that cognition predicts the incidence of frailty.

Exergaming is a fast growing research trend in gerontechnology and several commercial exergaming consoles, such as the Xbox system (including Xbox One and Xbox 360) and Nintendo Will (Wii Sports and Wii Fit), are available. Ogawa et al systematically reviewed 7 clinical trials (5 RCTs and 2 uncontrolled studies) and revealed that exergaming could improve cognitive functions, including executive function, process speed and reaction time, of older people. Moreover, a recent RCT revealed that, compared with the combined use of exercise (resistance, aerobic and balance training), a 12 week Kinect-based exergaming could better improve the global cognition \[F(1, 44) = 5.277, p = 0.026\] as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment of community-frail older people. The Kinect-based group (n = 25) also demonstrated significant improvement in verbal (p \< 0.05) and working (p \< 0.05) memory post-intervention but the combined exercise group (n = 21) did not.

Given that sacropenia and impaired cognitive function are 2 major contributors to frailty; and exergaming and resistance training are effective treatments in improving the cognitive function and sacropenia of older people respectively, this study aims to evaluate the effects of the combined use of exergaming and resistance training in improving the frailty of nursing home residents.

Conditions

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Frailty Sacropenia Cognition Mood Mobility

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

This pilot randomised controlled trial will conduct in a nursing home starting from Aug 2023 in Hong Kong

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors

After the baseline assessment, all eligible participants will be allocated randomly in a 1:1 ratio to either (1) experimental group which received exergaming and resistance training over a period of 12 weeks, or (2) control group which received resistance training over a period of 12 weeks. The research assistant, who is responsible for allocation, is independent from the data collection and anslysis, and the intervention. The participants will be reminded not to disclose information related to group allocation to the assessors to prevent possible bias during measurement. All assessments will be performed by an assessor who is blinded to the group allocation and not involved in the delivery of the intervention.

Study Groups

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Exergames and resistance training group

Participants will receive exergaming and resistance training programme over a period of 12 weeks

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

exergames and resistance training

Intervention Type OTHER

In each session, the participants will receive 40 minutes of combined use of exergaming and resistance training. The participants will practice the exergames using the gaming system Nintendo Switch (Nintendo Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan). The gaming software "Nintendo Switch Sports" will be adopted in which arrays of exergames are available to strengthen both the upper and lower extremity muscle and improve the balance ability of participants. The exergaming programme will consist of both upper (badminton game and tennis game) and lower (soccer game) extremity games. For week 1 and 2, the participants will first practice 1-minute warm up exercise (stretching exercises) and then the 3 exergames. For week 3 to 12, the participants will receive the same warm up exercise and exergames as if week 1 and 2 but there will be an addition of light cuff weight for resistance training.

Resistance training group

Participants will receive resistance training programme over a period of 12 weeks

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Resistance training

Intervention Type OTHER

The resistance training programme consists of 2 parts, the upper limb and lower limb resistance exercises. For the upper limb resistance exercises, the participants will first practice 5-minute warm up of upper limb using ergometer and then undergo 2 resistance exercises, including handgrip and elbow flexion. For the lower limb exercise, the participants will also first practice 5-minute warm up of lower limb using ergometer and then undergo 3 resistance exercises, including squatting, single-leg standing and knee extension.

Interventions

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exergames and resistance training

In each session, the participants will receive 40 minutes of combined use of exergaming and resistance training. The participants will practice the exergames using the gaming system Nintendo Switch (Nintendo Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan). The gaming software "Nintendo Switch Sports" will be adopted in which arrays of exergames are available to strengthen both the upper and lower extremity muscle and improve the balance ability of participants. The exergaming programme will consist of both upper (badminton game and tennis game) and lower (soccer game) extremity games. For week 1 and 2, the participants will first practice 1-minute warm up exercise (stretching exercises) and then the 3 exergames. For week 3 to 12, the participants will receive the same warm up exercise and exergames as if week 1 and 2 but there will be an addition of light cuff weight for resistance training.

Intervention Type OTHER

Resistance training

The resistance training programme consists of 2 parts, the upper limb and lower limb resistance exercises. For the upper limb resistance exercises, the participants will first practice 5-minute warm up of upper limb using ergometer and then undergo 2 resistance exercises, including handgrip and elbow flexion. For the lower limb exercise, the participants will also first practice 5-minute warm up of lower limb using ergometer and then undergo 3 resistance exercises, including squatting, single-leg standing and knee extension.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* living in a nursing home
* fulfilled 1, 2 or 3 Fried Criteria of frailty
* score ≥7 of 10 on the Chinese version of the Abbreviated Mental Test
* able to follow the instructions of assessment and intervention

Exclusion Criteria

* involved in any drug or other clinical trials
* having any additional medical conditions (such as epilepsy)
* unable to walk independently without the use of walking aids
* having any other conditions that will hinder the assessment and intervention (e.g.,visual/audio impairment could not be corrected by glasses/hearing aids etc).

Minimum Eligible Age

60 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

90 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No