Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy and Consolidation Chemotherapy for Rectal Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial
NCT ID: NCT05496491
Last Updated: 2024-10-08
Study Results
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Basic Information
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RECRUITING
NA
84 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2022-08-30
2026-08-30
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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The current treatment of choice for locally advanced rectal cancer (Stage II/ III) is the combination of neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by radical surgical resection based on the principles of total mesorectal excision (TME) after a 8-12 weeks period. Therapy is usually completed with the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy based on oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidines. This combined approach allowed the reduction of local recurrence at levels around 5%. Despite the impressive results in local control, the same was not confirmed for the long-term, overall survival. Possible explanations to that are: a) the compliance and completion of the treatment schemes during the postoperative period were low and b) there was a delay in the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy; both could lead to subclinical metastatic disease progression.
On the basis of achieving both goals, (i.e., local control through neoadjuvant radiotherapy and metastatic disease control through systemic chemotherapy) the administration of the two therapies in the preoperative period was proposed, in the form of combined or total neoadjuvant therapy.
Additional theoretical benefits of total neoadjuvant therapy is faster defunctioning stoma reversal, as well as, the possibility of a more accurate evaluation of the tumor biological behavior, thus enabling a safer staging for patients who would be candidates for a watch and wait protocol. Furthermore, for patients who will eventually undergo surgery, total neoadjuvant therapy could probably increase R0 resection and sphincter-preservation rates.
However, many researchers question the safety and efficacy of total neoadjuvant therapy. First, the administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy significantly increases the risk of severe toxicity from cytotoxic agents. At the same time, according to the results of one of the largest prospective randomized trials, the addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy into the treatment algorithm did not offer any advantage in the pathological response, 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates. Finally, there is considerable heterogeneity in the current literature, most likely reflecting the different schemes used in different trials regarding the radiotherapy regimen, the chemotherapy regimen as well as the sequence of each one in each protocol.
The investigators believe that it is difficult to interpret any differences in results when multiple parameters have been changed in a comparative trial. For this reason when testing the current standard neoadjuvant protocol to the new trend of total neoadjuvant therapy it was decided to keep the same scheme and timing for the experimental group while the only parameter which was different was the use of the classic chemotherapy scheme during the waiting period following chemoradiation and before surgery.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
NONE
Study Groups
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Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy and Consolidation Chemotherapy
The experimental group will receive the standard 5-week neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Thereafter, all patients will commence consolidation chemotherapy. At the 6th week after the end of CRT, patients will undergo MRI re-staging: In case of non-response (mrTRG 5) they will be submitted immediately to surgery, and, subsequently, excluded from the trial.
In case of response (mrTRG 2-4) they will receive consolidation chemotherapy for the whole waiting period between the end of CRT and surgery - 12 weeks.
Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
5-week neoadjuvant radiotherapy regimen (28 x 1.8 Gy) combined with Capecitabine (bid 800 mg/m2, twice daily, on days 1-33-38)
Consolidation Chemotherapy
CAPOX (Capecitabine bid1000 mg/m2 and Oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2, day 1, every 3 weeks) or alternatively FOLFOX
Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy and Adjuvant Chemotherapy
The control group will receive the standard 5-week neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimen. Six weeks after completion the patient will be re-staged with rectal MRI and depending on the response will be operated (TME): immediately in case of non-response (mrTRG 5) or after an additional 6-week delay (overall 12 weeks after the end of chemoradiotherapy) in case of partial response (mrTRG 2-4). Adjuvant chemotherapy will be, also, administered.
Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
5-week neoadjuvant radiotherapy regimen (28 x 1.8 Gy) combined with Capecitabine (bid 800 mg/m2, twice daily, on days 1-33-38)
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
8 cycles of CAPOX (Capecitabine bid 1000 mg/m2, twice daily, day 1-14, every 3 weeks and Oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2, day 1, every 3 weeks) or alternatively, 12 cycles of folinate, fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX)
Interventions
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Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
5-week neoadjuvant radiotherapy regimen (28 x 1.8 Gy) combined with Capecitabine (bid 800 mg/m2, twice daily, on days 1-33-38)
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
8 cycles of CAPOX (Capecitabine bid 1000 mg/m2, twice daily, day 1-14, every 3 weeks and Oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2, day 1, every 3 weeks) or alternatively, 12 cycles of folinate, fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX)
Consolidation Chemotherapy
CAPOX (Capecitabine bid1000 mg/m2 and Oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2, day 1, every 3 weeks) or alternatively FOLFOX
Other Intervention Names
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* cT3, cT4, threatened CRM / MRF, EMVI (+), ≥N1
* Multidisciplinary tumor board decision for neoadjuvant treatment
* Tumor distance from the anal verge \<15 cm based on endoscopy or magnetic resonance imaging
* Patient 18 to 80 years old
* General health condition status WHO 0-1
* Absence of co-morbidities that may affect treatment
* Neutrophils \>1,500 / mm3, platelets \>100,000 / mm3, hemoglobin\> 10 g / dL, normal creatinine, and creatinine clearance\> 50 mL / min
* Signed informed consent of the patient
Exclusion Criteria
* Non-resectable cancer
* Contraindications for the administration of chemotherapy
* Previous pelvic radiotherapy or chemotherapy
* History of inflammatory bowel disorders
* History of angina, acute myocardial infarction or heart failure
* Active sepsis or systemic infection
* Untreated physical and mental disability
* Synchronous malignancy
* Pregnancy or breast-feeding
* Lack of compliance with the protocol process
* Non-granting of signed informed consent
18 Years
80 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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Larissa University Hospital
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Perivoliotis Konstantinos
Perivoliotis Konstantinos, Principal Investigator
Principal Investigators
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Konstantinos Perivoliotis, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
University Hospital of Larissa
George Tzovaras, Prof
Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
University Hospital of Larissa
Locations
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Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa
Larissa, , Greece
Countries
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Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Liu S, Jiang T, Xiao L, Yang S, Liu Q, Gao Y, Chen G, Xiao W. Total Neoadjuvant Therapy (TNT) versus Standard Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Oncologist. 2021 Sep;26(9):e1555-e1566. doi: 10.1002/onco.13824. Epub 2021 Jun 7.
Kasi A, Abbasi S, Handa S, Al-Rajabi R, Saeed A, Baranda J, Sun W. Total Neoadjuvant Therapy vs Standard Therapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Dec 1;3(12):e2030097. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30097.
Sutera P, Solomina J, Wegner RE, Abel S, Monga D, Finley G, McCormick J, Kirichenko AV. Post-Operative Morbidity and Mortality Following Total Neoadjuvant Therapy Versus Conventional Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2021 Sep;52(3):976-982. doi: 10.1007/s12029-020-00401-3.
Chang H, Jiang W, Ye WJ, Tao YL, Wang QX, Xiao WW, Gao YH. Is long interval from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy to surgery optimal for rectal cancer in the era of intensity-modulated radiotherapy?: a prospective observational study. Onco Targets Ther. 2018 Sep 21;11:6129-6138. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S169985. eCollection 2018.
Bahadoer RR, Dijkstra EA, van Etten B, Marijnen CAM, Putter H, Kranenbarg EM, Roodvoets AGH, Nagtegaal ID, Beets-Tan RGH, Blomqvist LK, Fokstuen T, Ten Tije AJ, Capdevila J, Hendriks MP, Edhemovic I, Cervantes A, Nilsson PJ, Glimelius B, van de Velde CJH, Hospers GAP; RAPIDO collaborative investigators. Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Jan;22(1):29-42. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30555-6. Epub 2020 Dec 7.
Giunta EF, Bregni G, Pretta A, Deleporte A, Liberale G, Bali AM, Moretti L, Troiani T, Ciardiello F, Hendlisz A, Sclafani F. Total neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: Making sense of the results from the RAPIDO and PRODIGE 23 trials. Cancer Treat Rev. 2021 May;96:102177. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102177. Epub 2021 Mar 16.
Shi DD, Mamon HJ. Playing With Dynamite? A Cautious Assessment of TNT. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Jan 10;39(2):103-106. doi: 10.1200/JCO.20.02199. Epub 2020 Oct 14. No abstract available.
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Petrelli F, Trevisan F, Cabiddu M, Sgroi G, Bruschieri L, Rausa E, Ghidini M, Turati L. Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Treatment Outcomes. Ann Surg. 2020 Mar;271(3):440-448. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003471.
Conroy T, Bosset JF, Etienne PL, Rio E, Francois E, Mesgouez-Nebout N, Vendrely V, Artignan X, Bouche O, Gargot D, Boige V, Bonichon-Lamichhane N, Louvet C, Morand C, de la Fouchardiere C, Lamfichekh N, Juzyna B, Jouffroy-Zeller C, Rullier E, Marchal F, Gourgou S, Castan F, Borg C; Unicancer Gastrointestinal Group and Partenariat de Recherche en Oncologie Digestive (PRODIGE) Group. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 May;22(5):702-715. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00079-6. Epub 2021 Apr 13.
Jimenez-Rodriguez RM, Quezada-Diaz F, Hameed I, Kalabin A, Patil S, Smith JJ, Garcia-Aguilar J. Organ Preservation in Patients with Rectal Cancer Treated with Total Neoadjuvant Therapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2021 Dec 1;64(12):1463-1470. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000002122.
Bauer PS, Chapman WC Jr, Atallah C, Makhdoom BA, Damle A, Smith RK, Wise PE, Glasgow SC, Silviera ML, Hunt SR, Mutch MG. Perioperative Complications After Proctectomy for Rectal Cancer: Does Neoadjuvant Regimen Matter? Ann Surg. 2022 Feb 1;275(2):e428-e432. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003885.
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Fernandez-Martos C, Garcia-Albeniz X, Pericay C, Maurel J, Aparicio J, Montagut C, Safont MJ, Salud A, Vera R, Massuti B, Escudero P, Alonso V, Bosch C, Martin M, Minsky BD. Chemoradiation, surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy versus induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation and surgery: long-term results of the Spanish GCR-3 phase II randomized trialdagger. Ann Oncol. 2015 Aug;26(8):1722-8. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdv223. Epub 2015 May 8.
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Provided Documents
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Document Type: Study Protocol
Document Type: Informed Consent Form
Other Identifiers
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NCCCRC
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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