Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
619 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2020-02-12
2020-04-19
Brief Summary
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To investigate the impact of communication about privacy, benefits, and risk on patient truthfulness, the investigators test two new methods to detect patient truthfulness and demonstrate the effects of privacy notices (e.g. HIPPA statements).
Participants include a national online sample randomly assigned to one of six treatment statements that might be typically given before health information was requested. The assigned treatments include one or mix of the following: privacy notice, statement of the benefits of accurate disclosure, and statement of the risks of inaccurate disclosure and control of no statement before being asked typical health questions.
The investigators propose that based on elaboration likelihood model, statements reminding participants of their privacy will increase lying.
The investigators hypothesis the use of a new biometric mouse movement lie detection method and answer adjustment can measure patient lies.
The investigators hypothesis that reminders of the risk of not telling the truth will reduce lying due to risk aversion.
Lastly the investigators hypothesis that statements of benefits of answering truthfully will increase truthfulness.
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Detailed Description
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This online survey randomly assigns participating adults to one of six intervention statements after which they are asked eight typical questions about their health. The statements include:
1. control (no stimuli)
2. benefit (statement about the benefits of accurate information disclosure)
3. risk (statement about the risks of inaccurate information disclosure)
4. privacy (a traditional medical privacy notification and seal image)
5. privacy + benefit
6. privacy + risk After this intervention participants are asked to disclose eight items of personal health information, including their weight, height, alcohol intake, illegal drug use, prescription drug abuse, smoking, exercise, and sexual activity. We do not assess these actual numbers. They will be the basis for assessing truthfulness by answer adjustment or biometric mouse-movement.
An example of an intervention benefit statement followed by a health question about weight reads: "What is your weight? Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis." A risk statement reads: "What is your weight? Inaccurately answering this will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis." A privacy statement read: "What is your weight? We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."
The dependent variable - patient truthfulness, will be measured in two ways.
1. First measure of truthfulness will be a biometric mouse-movement measure. As participants answer the health care questions coded programming will measure the mouse-movement arc distance and time to response for biometric lie detection. This measurement is completed when participants move to their response to each health question.
2. Second measure of truthfulness will be the answer adjustment method. Participants will be given a summary of their answers from their health questions in a read-only format and asked to indicate how OVER of UNDERSTATED each initial response was (e.g., "You indicated that your current weight is 185 lbs. How overstated or understated is that value?") on a scale from -5 (understated) to 5 (overstated). The absolute value of their scaled response represents the extent to which participants' initial response deviated from the truth. This the unit of measure to be used in analysis.
3. The answer adjustment values and the mouse tracking results provide a more holistic measure of truthfulness than one alone.
No personal identifiers are collected. Age and gender are collected.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
PREVENTION
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Control
No statement is provided before asking the health care question. Example: What is your weight in pounds?
No interventions assigned to this group
Benefit Statement
A statement of benefit will be given (see intervention) after the health question.
Benefit statement
The participant reads this statement after asked one of eight health questions
1. What is your height in inches?
2. What is your weight in pounds?
3. How many days out of the last 2 weeks did you drink alcohol?
4. How often a month do you use other substance such as marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, or other drugs
5. How often a month do you use Rx or non-Rx medications to excessive amounts?
6. When was the last time you smoked a cigarette?
7. How many days in the last 2 weeks did you engage in more than 30 min exercise?
8. How many times did you engage in sexual activity in the last month with another individual? . The statement reads: Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis.
An example of this with one of the 8 health questions is... What number of days in the last 2 weeks you engaged in \>30 minutes of exercise? Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis.
Risk Statement
A statement of risk will be given (see intervention) after the health question.
Risk Statement
The participant reads this statement after being asked one of eight health questions.
The statement reads: Inaccurately answering this will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis.
Privacy Statement
A statement of privacy will be given (see intervention) after the health question.
Privacy Statement
The participant reads this statement after being asked one of eight health question for example. "We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."
Benefit + Privacy statement
A statement of benefit and privacy will be given (see intervention) after the health question.
Benefit + Privacy
The statement reads "Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis. We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."
Risk + privacy statement
A statement of risk and privacy will be given (see intervention) after the health question.
Risk + Privacy
The statement reads "Inaccurately answering this will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis. We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."
Interventions
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Benefit statement
The participant reads this statement after asked one of eight health questions
1. What is your height in inches?
2. What is your weight in pounds?
3. How many days out of the last 2 weeks did you drink alcohol?
4. How often a month do you use other substance such as marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, or other drugs
5. How often a month do you use Rx or non-Rx medications to excessive amounts?
6. When was the last time you smoked a cigarette?
7. How many days in the last 2 weeks did you engage in more than 30 min exercise?
8. How many times did you engage in sexual activity in the last month with another individual? . The statement reads: Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis.
An example of this with one of the 8 health questions is... What number of days in the last 2 weeks you engaged in \>30 minutes of exercise? Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis.
Risk Statement
The participant reads this statement after being asked one of eight health questions.
The statement reads: Inaccurately answering this will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis.
Privacy Statement
The participant reads this statement after being asked one of eight health question for example. "We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."
Benefit + Privacy
The statement reads "Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis. We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."
Risk + Privacy
The statement reads "Inaccurately answering this will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis. We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Individuals 18-80 years
* English speaking
* Live in the United States
Exclusion Criteria
18 Years
80 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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University of Utah
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Tamara Masters
PhD, Assistant Professor
Principal Investigators
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Mark Keith, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Brigham Young University
Locations
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Brigham Young University
Provo, Utah, United States
Countries
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References
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Levy AG, Scherer AM, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Larkin K, Barnes GD, Fagerlin A. Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Patient Nondisclosure of Medically Relevant Information to Clinicians. JAMA Netw Open. 2018 Nov 2;1(7):e185293. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5293.
Jerrold L. Litigation, legislation, and ethics. When patients lie to their doctors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Mar;139(3):417-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.09.004. No abstract available.
Petty RE, Cacioppo JT. The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 1986;19:123-205
Lowry PB, Moody G, Vance A, Jensen M, Jenkins J, Wells T. Using an elaboration likelihood approach to better understand the persuasiveness of website privacy assurance cues for online consumers. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 2012;63(4):755-776
Buhrmester M, Kwang T, Gosling SD. Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data? Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011 Jan;6(1):3-5. doi: 10.1177/1745691610393980. Epub 2011 Feb 3.
Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica. 1979;47(2):263-291
Jenkins JL, Proudfoot J, Valacich J, Grimes GM, Nunamaker Jr JF. Sleight of hand: identifying concealed information by monitoring mouse-cursor movements. Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 2019;20(1):1-32
Keith MJ, Thompson SC, Hale J, Lowry PB, Greer C. Information disclosure on mobile devices: re-examining privacy calculus with actual user behavior. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 2013;71(12):1163-1173
DePaulo BM, Kashy DA, Kirkendol SE, Wyer MM, Epstein JA. Lying in everyday life. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996 May;70(5):979-95.
Argo JJ, White K, Dahl DW. Social comparison theory and deception in the interpersonal exchange of consumption information. Journal of Consumer Research. 2006;33(1):99-108
Marchewka A, Jednorog K, Falkiewicz M, Szeszkowski W, Grabowska A, Szatkowska I. Sex, lies and fMRI--gender differences in neural basis of deception. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43076. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043076. Epub 2012 Aug 29.
Related Links
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Lies patients and doctors tell
Other Identifiers
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19-059
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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