Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
199 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2019-02-01
2019-07-26
Brief Summary
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To work, they use a smartphone application that was developed as a job aid to support task management, panel management and clinical decision support functions. For this study, a tool called "Universal Health Coverage Mode" was designed to be integrated into the CHW application to help Community Health Workers visit every household at least twice per month.
We hypothesize that Community Health Workers (CHWs) assigned to use Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Mode, a mobile application tool, will achieve higher coverage of homes visited (defined as being visited at least two times in a month) than those without this tool.
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Detailed Description
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CHWs at both sites and both arms of the study will also receive monthly performance feedback via a CHW Performance Dashboard, described elsewhere, which provides personalized feedback on the quantity, speed, and coverage of care. CHW supervisors will be able to see their supervisees' performance data and provide feedback via the monthly supervisions. CHWs at both sites will receive feedback for community care management indicators, but only Yirimadio's CHW supervisors will observe CHWs performance on proactive household visits.
All CHWs at both sites use a CHW App, a free and open source smartphone application developed by Medic Mobile with Muso. The CHW App is a job aid that supports task management, panel management, and clinical decision support functions, while providing a mechanism for data collection and submission. Previously, CHWs had to manage 14 different types of paper forms that their core workflow entails, and the data was entered by hand for each of these forms to carry out monitoring and evaluation tasks. Now, there is no need for photocopying, carrying and stocking all 14 forms, and data is automatically sent to a central database once the smartphones are synchronized. Also, for CHW tracking their patients and the tasks they performed meant a huge organizational challenge. The app was modeled to tackle this problem using a human centered design, allowing the CHWs to easily search for and access their patients registries and histories.
For the control arm, all households within the CHW's household list in the app will have the same appearance. There will be no visual differentiation between households on the list to indicate the frequency of home visits.
In the intervention arm, the CHW's household list will appear differently within the app in the following ways:
The CHW will be able to filter and order households by the date of the most recent home visit, to identify households that have been visited least frequently.
A color-coded visual icon will display the number of home visits in the past month for each household.Red color for 0 home visits for a household in the past month (default at the start of every month).Orange color for 1 home visit for a household in the past month.Blue color for 2 or more visits for a household in the past month.
A red exclamation mark will be displayed for every household that has not reached 2 visits in the past month (default at the start of every month).
Text displayed below each household showing the date of last visit will turn red if more than 30 days have passed since last visit. When more than 60 days have passed since the most recent visit, the text displayed below each household showing the date of last visit will be changed to "date of last visit is unknown" in red.
The family profile will also contain the date of last visit, and the visits they have received in that month.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
NONE
Study Groups
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Universal Health Coverage Mode
The NGOs Muso and Medic Mobile have partnered to develop Universal Health Coverage Mode, a smartphone app tool that provides visual cues to help CHWs track the quantity of household visits they have conducted at each household in a given month.
Universal Health Coverage Mode
In the intervention arm, the CHW's household list will appear differently within the app in the following ways:
The CHW will be able to filter and order households by the date of the most recent home visit.
A color-coded visual icon will display the number of home visits in the past month for each household.
A red exclamation mark will be displayed for every household that has not reached 2 visits in the past month (default at the start of every month).
Text displayed below each household showing the date of last visit will turn red if more than 30 days have passed since last visit. When more than 60 days have passed since the most recent visit, the text displayed below each household showing the date of last visit will be changed to "date of last visit is unknown" in red.
The family profile will also contain the date of last visit, and the visits they have received in that month
Work as usual
For the control arm, all households within the CHW's household list in the app will have the same appearance. There will be no visual differentiation between households on the list to indicate the frequency of home visits.
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Universal Health Coverage Mode
In the intervention arm, the CHW's household list will appear differently within the app in the following ways:
The CHW will be able to filter and order households by the date of the most recent home visit.
A color-coded visual icon will display the number of home visits in the past month for each household.
A red exclamation mark will be displayed for every household that has not reached 2 visits in the past month (default at the start of every month).
Text displayed below each household showing the date of last visit will turn red if more than 30 days have passed since last visit. When more than 60 days have passed since the most recent visit, the text displayed below each household showing the date of last visit will be changed to "date of last visit is unknown" in red.
The family profile will also contain the date of last visit, and the visits they have received in that month
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
OTHER
Medic Mobile
INDUSTRY
Ari Johnson, MD
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Ari Johnson, MD
MD
Locations
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Muso
Bamako, , Mali
Countries
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References
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GBD 2015 SDG Collaborators. Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016 Oct 8;388(10053):1813-1850. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31467-2. Epub 2016 Sep 21.
Rasanathan K, Muniz M, Bakshi S, Kumar M, Solano A, Kariuki W, George A, Sylla M, Nefdt R, Young M, Diaz T. Community case management of childhood illness in sub-Saharan Africa - findings from a cross-sectional survey on policy and implementation. J Glob Health. 2014 Dec;4(2):020401. doi: 10.7189/jogh.04.020401.
Young M, Wolfheim C, Marsh DR, Hammamy D. World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund joint statement on integrated community case management: an equity-focused strategy to improve access to essential treatment services for children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Nov;87(5 Suppl):6-10. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0221.
Black RE, Taylor CE, Arole S, Bang A, Bhutta ZA, Chowdhury AMR, Kirkwood BR, Kureshy N, Lanata CF, Phillips JF, Taylor M, Victora CG, Zhu Z, Perry HB. Comprehensive review of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of community-based primary health care in improving maternal, neonatal and child health: 8. summary and recommendations of the Expert Panel. J Glob Health. 2017 Jun;7(1):010908. doi: 10.7189/jogh.07.010908.
Freeman PA, Schleiff M, Sacks E, Rassekh BM, Gupta S, Perry HB. Comprehensive review of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of community-based primary health care in improving maternal, neonatal and child health: 4. child health findings. J Glob Health. 2017 Jun;7(1):010904. doi: 10.7189/jogh.07.010904.
Jennings MC, Pradhan S, Schleiff M, Sacks E, Freeman PA, Gupta S, Rassekh BM, Perry HB. Comprehensive review of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of community-based primary health care in improving maternal, neonatal and child health: 2. maternal health findings. J Glob Health. 2017 Jun;7(1):010902. doi: 10.7189/jogh.07.010902.
Perry HB, Zulliger R, Rogers MM. Community health workers in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: an overview of their history, recent evolution, and current effectiveness. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35:399-421. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182354. Epub 2014 Jan 2.
Sacks E, Freeman PA, Sakyi K, Jennings MC, Rassekh BM, Gupta S, Perry HB. Comprehensive review of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of community-based primary health care in improving maternal, neonatal and child health: 3. neonatal health findings. J Glob Health. 2017 Jun;7(1):010903. doi: 10.7189/jogh.07.010903.
Munos M, Guiella G, Roberton T, Maiga A, Tiendrebeogo A, Tam Y, Bryce J, Baya B. Independent Evaluation of the Rapid Scale-Up Program to Reduce Under-Five Mortality in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016 Mar;94(3):584-595. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0585. Epub 2016 Jan 19.
Amouzou A, Kanyuka M, Hazel E, Heidkamp R, Marsh A, Mleme T, Munthali S, Park L, Banda B, Moulton LH, Black RE, Hill K, Perin J, Victora CG, Bryce J. Independent Evaluation of the Integrated Community Case Management of Childhood Illness Strategy in Malawi Using a National Evaluation Platform Design. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016 Jun 1;94(6):1434-1435. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0110b. No abstract available.
Amouzou A, Hazel E, Shaw B, Miller NP, Tafesse M, Mekonnen Y, Moulton LH, Bryce J, Black RE. Effects of the integrated Community Case Management of Childhood Illness Strategy on Child Mortality in Ethiopia: A Cluster Randomized Trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016 Mar;94(3):596-604. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0586. Epub 2016 Jan 19.
Hazel E, Bryce J, The Iip-Jhu iCCM Evaluation Working Group. On Bathwater, Babies, and Designing Programs for Impact: Evaluations of the Integrated Community Case Management Strategy in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016 Mar;94(3):568-570. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.94-3intro1. No abstract available.
Johnson A, Goss A, Beckerman J, Castro A. Hidden costs: the direct and indirect impact of user fees on access to malaria treatment and primary care in Mali. Soc Sci Med. 2012 Nov;75(10):1786-92. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.07.015. Epub 2012 Aug 1.
Johnson AD, Thiero O, Whidden C, Poudiougou B, Diakite D, Traore F, Samake S, Kone D, Cisse I, Kayentao K. Proactive community case management and child survival in periurban Mali. BMJ Glob Health. 2018 Mar 12;3(2):e000634. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000634. eCollection 2018.
Linn AM, Ndiaye Y, Hennessee I, Gaye S, Linn P, Nordstrom K, McLaughlin M. Reduction in symptomatic malaria prevalence through proactive community treatment in rural Senegal. Trop Med Int Health. 2015 Nov;20(11):1438-1446. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12564. Epub 2015 Aug 7.
Johnson AD, Thomson DR, Atwood S, Alley I, Beckerman JL, Kone I, Diakite D, Diallo H, Traore B, Traore K, Farmer PE, Murray M, Mukherjee J. Assessing early access to care and child survival during a health system strengthening intervention in Mali: a repeated cross sectional survey. PLoS One. 2013 Dec 11;8(12):e81304. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081304. eCollection 2013.
Whidden C, Kayentao K, Liu JX, Lee S, Keita Y, Diakite D, Keita A, Diarra S, Edwards J, Yembrick A, Holeman I, Samake S, Plea B, Coumare M, Johnson AD. Improving Community Health Worker performance by using a personalised feedback dashboard for supervision: a randomised controlled trial. J Glob Health. 2018 Dec;8(2):020418. doi: 10.7189/jogh.08.020418.
Yang JE, Lassala D, Liu JX, Whidden C, Holeman I, Keita Y, Djiguiba Y, N'Diaye SI, Fall F, Kayentao K, Johnson AD. Effect of mobile application user interface improvements on minimum expected home visit coverage by community health workers in Mali: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Nov;6(11):e007205. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007205.
Other Identifiers
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0219-0619
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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