Therapeutic Writing to Reduce Stress

NCT ID: NCT03904979

Last Updated: 2025-02-10

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

TERMINATED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

15 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2019-10-22

Study Completion Date

2022-02-17

Brief Summary

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Purpose: The investigators hypothesize that exposure to chronic environmental stress is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes related to preterm birth and preeclampsia among high-risk pregnant women. Additionally, the investigators hypothesize that women can be screened for high levels of environmental stress through the perceived stress scale, and therapeutic writing can be used as a low-resource intervention to help decrease maternal perceived stress and inflammation - measured through analysis of maternal serum and placental samples.

Participants: Pregnant women at high risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including pre-eclampsia and preterm birth, enrolled in prenatal care at UNC will be recruited for participation

Procedures: Using results from the perceived stress scale, the investigators will identify women who screen positive for high environmental stress. Women meeting inclusion criteria will be contacted for possible participation at regularly scheduled prenatal visits. Women who are enrolled will be randomized to generalized writing prompts, therapeutic writing prompts, or no writing during their pregnancy to be administered at each prenatal visit. Maternal blood sample for biochemical markers of stress and gene expression will be obtained at the initial visit; a followup blood sample will be obtained later in pregnancy, and a small portion of the placenta saved at delivery. Delivery outcomes will be obtained through medical record review.

Detailed Description

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During pregnancy, women regularly interact with healthcare professionals, an often untapped resource and opportune time to optimize mental health, positively impacting outcomes. Cumulative psychosocial stress is a risk factor for several adverse obstetric outcomes including preterm birth (PTB), preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and postpartum depression.

The overarching hypothesis of this study is that pregnant women with high levels of stress can be identified through easily-implemented screening tools; importantly, the investigators propose that these women can be engaged in care via a cost-effective therapeutic writing intervention combined with the availability of expert pastoral and perinatal psychiatry resources.

Women will be enrolled early in pregnancy and followed prospectively. Some women (if randomized to a writing group) will complete a standardized writing prompt at several time points during gestation. The investigators will follow their outcomes prospectively.

Conditions

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Pregnancy Complications Stress, Physiological High Risk Pregnancy

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Randomized Controlled Trial
Primary Study Purpose

SUPPORTIVE_CARE

Blinding Strategy

DOUBLE

Participants Investigators
Participants will have identical journals regardless of the intervention or control group status, and providers will be blinded to the writing prompts that participants are given. Women who are randomized to 'no writing' will be provided a blank journal without any instruction. this will be considered a 'gift' for study participation

Study Groups

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Therapeutic Writing Prompts

Participants will be given writing prompts that discuss events that have been perceived as stressful in their lives and how they may or may not have cultivated resilience and coping strategies because of it.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Writing exercises

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will be given journals with writing prompts to be completed throughout their pregnancy.

General Writing Prompts

Participants will be given writing prompts that discuss "neutral" topics unrelated to their life stress, resilience, or coping.

Group Type PLACEBO_COMPARATOR

Writing exercises

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants will be given journals with writing prompts to be completed throughout their pregnancy.

No Writing

Participants will not be given writing prompts during their prenatal care. They will be given blank journals that will NOT contain any instructions or writing prompts.

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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Writing exercises

Participants will be given journals with writing prompts to be completed throughout their pregnancy.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Women will be prospectively recruited.

1. Gestational age: All women presenting for prenatal care at 8.0 to 19.9 weeks' gestation through the UNC-Hospitals High Risk obstetrics clinic will be screened for high risk of an adverse pregnancy outcome (ex: preterm birth or pre-eclampsia) through review of their medical record.
2. Singleton viable intrauterine pregnancy, with dating confirmed by ultrasound or plans for ultrasound to confirm dating prior to study enrollment
3. No structural abnormalities or aneuploidy
4. Ability to communicate in and provide consent in English
5. Women with at least ONE of the following high risk criteria:

a. Short cervix by endovaginal ultrasound, measuring \<25mm b. Prior spontaneous preterm birth 16.0 - 33.9 weeks' gestation i. Documentation of the prior spontaneous preterm birth in the patient's medical records is desirable but is not required for eligibility.

ii. The previous preterm delivery cannot be an antepartum stillbirth but an intrapartum stillbirth (due to extreme prematurity) is allowable.

c. Chronic hypertension on medications d. History of pre-eclampsia requiring delivery \<37 weeks' gestation, or history of severe pre-eclampsia delivering at any gestational age

OR
6. Women with at least TWO of the following moderate risk criteria:

1. Prior preterm birth 34.0-36.9 weeks
2. Chronic hypertension not requiring medications
3. History of term pre-eclampsia
4. Type II diabetes on insulin
5. Obesity with a BMI \>30
6. Smoking during pregnancy
7. Black race
8. Maternal age \<18 years old or \>40 years old
9. Nulliparous
10. Uninsured, or medicaid insurance

3. Major congenital anomaly such as major structural deficit of the heart, lungs, or brain or aneuploidy

1. Mild renal abnormalities, clubfoot, isolated cleft lip/palate, etc. in the fetus are not a reason for exclusion
2. For a detailed list of major anomalies, see Table 3 - Major Fetal Anomalies / Congenital Malformations, below. Two or more minor anomalies observed together (see Table 2 - Minor Fetal Anomalies / Congenital Malformations) count as a "major" anomaly
3. Isolated 'soft markers' for aneuploidy (such as choroid plexus cysts, echogenic bowel, etc.) are not a reason for exclusion
4. If aneuploidy screening is performed, any aneuploidy screen positive test with a risk for aneuploidy greater than 1 in 25 without negative confirmatory definitive aneuploidy testing is reason for exclusion
4. Spanish speaking women
5. Women participating in other intervention-based studies

Exclusion Criteria

1. Persistent Illicit drug or alcohol abuse during current pregnancy \>12 weeks. Use of tobacco and/or marijuana is not an exclusion. Methadone or suboxone use in an approved treatment program is not an exclusion.
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

50 Years

Eligible Sex

FEMALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Tracy A Manuck, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University of North Carolina

Locations

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University of North Carolina Women's Hospital

Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States

Site Status

Countries

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United States

References

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McEwen BS. Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 May 1;840:33-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x.

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Geronimus AT, Hicken M, Keene D, Bound J. "Weathering" and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2006 May;96(5):826-33. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060749. Epub 2005 Dec 27.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
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Schulkin J, Gold PW, McEwen BS. Induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by glucocorticoids: implication for understanding the states of fear and anxiety and allostatic load. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998 Apr;23(3):219-43. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4530(97)00099-1.

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Anding JE, Rohrle B, Grieshop M, Schucking B, Christiansen H. Couple comorbidity and correlates of postnatal depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers in the first two weeks following delivery. J Affect Disord. 2016 Jan 15;190:300-309. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.033. Epub 2015 Oct 28.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 26546770 (View on PubMed)

Edwards B, Galletly C, Semmler-Booth T, Dekker G. Does antenatal screening for psychosocial risk factors predict postnatal depression? A follow-up study of 154 women in Adelaide, South Australia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;42(1):51-5. doi: 10.1080/00048670701739629.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 18058444 (View on PubMed)

Juul SH, Hendrix C, Robinson B, Stowe ZN, Newport DJ, Brennan PA, Johnson KC. Maternal early-life trauma and affective parenting style: the mediating role of HPA-axis function. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2016 Feb;19(1):17-23. doi: 10.1007/s00737-015-0528-x. Epub 2015 May 9.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 25956587 (View on PubMed)

Meltzer-Brody S, Boschloo L, Jones I, Sullivan PF, Penninx BW. The EPDS-Lifetime: assessment of lifetime prevalence and risk factors for perinatal depression in a large cohort of depressed women. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2013 Dec;16(6):465-73. doi: 10.1007/s00737-013-0372-9. Epub 2013 Aug 1.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 23904137 (View on PubMed)

Oh W, Muzik M, McGinnis EW, Hamilton L, Menke RA, Rosenblum KL. Comorbid trajectories of postpartum depression and PTSD among mothers with childhood trauma history: Course, predictors, processes and child adjustment. J Affect Disord. 2016 Aug;200:133-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.037. Epub 2016 Apr 20.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 27131504 (View on PubMed)

McDonald SW, Kingston D, Bayrampour H, Dolan SM, Tough SC. Cumulative psychosocial stress, coping resources, and preterm birth. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2014 Dec;17(6):559-68. doi: 10.1007/s00737-014-0436-5. Epub 2014 Jun 20.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 24948100 (View on PubMed)

Meshberg-Cohen S, Svikis D, McMahon TJ. Expressive writing as a therapeutic process for drug-dependent women. Subst Abus. 2014;35(1):80-8. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2013.805181.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 24588298 (View on PubMed)

Blasio PD, Camisasca E, Caravita SC, Ionio C, Milani L, Valtolina GG. THE EFFECTS OF EXPRESSIVE WRITING ON POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AND POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS SYMPTOMS. Psychol Rep. 2015 Dec;117(3):856-82. doi: 10.2466/02.13.PR0.117c29z3. Epub 2015 Nov 23.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 26595300 (View on PubMed)

Smyth JM, Hockemeyer JR, Tulloch H. Expressive writing and post-traumatic stress disorder: effects on trauma symptoms, mood states, and cortisol reactivity. Br J Health Psychol. 2008 Feb;13(Pt 1):85-93. doi: 10.1348/135910707X250866.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 18230238 (View on PubMed)

Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989 Feb;56(2):267-83. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 2926629 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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18-2187

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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