Ultrasound Guided Caudal Block Versus Quadratus Lumborum Block in Children
NCT ID: NCT03811392
Last Updated: 2020-01-02
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
60 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2019-10-01
Study Completion Date
2019-12-11
Brief Summary
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To compare between caudal block and ultrasound guided Quadratus Lamborum block in reducing postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and recovery time following elective inguinal herniorraphy.
The primary outcome:
• to compare between caudal block and ultrasound guided quadratus lamborum block.
The secondary outcome:
* duration of postoperative analgesia.
* incidence of postoperative complications.
The primary outcome:
• to compare between caudal block and ultrasound guided quadratus lamborum block.
The secondary outcome:
* duration of postoperative analgesia.
* incidence of postoperative complications.
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Detailed Description
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After approval of Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, and taking a written informed consent from the guardians of each patient, the present study will be carried out in Alexandria Main University Hospitals on 60 patients , aged 2 to 5 years and American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II who will be scheduled for elective inguinal herniorraphy in a randomized double blinded study.
The sample size was calculated by High Institute of Public Health.
Exclusion Criteria:
Infection at the site of needle insertion Neuromuscular disease/damage Anticoagulation or bleeding disorder. Sepsis Allergy to local anaesthetics. Guardians refusal
The patients will be randomly divided by closed envelope technique into two groups:
Group I: 30 patients will receive a caudal block after induction of general anaesthesia.
Group II::Will receive ultrasound guided quadrates lumborum block (QL ) ( posterior transmuscular approach ) using 0.5 mL/kg 0.25% bupivacaine to be applied between the QL muscles and the thoracolumbar fascia. .
METHOD
Preoperative Assessment:
1. History taking
2. Clinical examination
3. Routine laboratory investigations including complete blood picture, bleeding and clotting time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, blood urea, serum creatinine and fasting blood sugar will be done to every patient.
Pre anaesthetic preparation and premedication
* Nothing per mouth for 6 hours before surgery.
* A peripheral cannula (22 G) will be inserted in all patients.
* Administration 0f 10ml/kg. lactated Ringer's solution.
* All patients will be premedicated with atropine 0,1mg/kg. administered IM to all the patients 30 min prior to surgery.
A multi-channel monitor will be attached to the patient to display:
1. Continuous lead II electro cardiogram (ECG) monitoring.
2. Non-invasive blood pressure measurement (NIBP) mmHg.
3. Arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximeter (SpO2%).
4. End-tidal capnogram (ETco2).
Induction of anesthesia General anesthesia will be induced with sevoflurane and 50% air in oxygen then IV access will be inserted . Fentanyl will be administered at 1 μg/kg, and a laryngeal mask airway will be used to secure the upper airway. Anaesthesia will be maintained with sevoflurane 2% and 50% air in oxygen.
* All procedures (Caudal , QL) will be performed by the same anaesthetist after placement of the LMA before surgery.
* The patients of both groups were admitted to the ward and receive standard postoperative analgesic regimen composed of regular paracetamol 15mg./kg. every 8hours.
According to the studied group, patients will receive after induction either Group I: caudal block. Group II: Quadratus lamborum block.
Technique:
-For the caudal block, the patients were first inducted by GA and then they were placed in the altered left lateral position. The block site, which was mainly at the sacral hiatus, was sterilized with betadine, and the sacral hiatus between the sacral conui was palpated. Then a 23-gage short needle injection was used with the bevel towards the abdomen to puncture the sacral surface at a 45-degree angle. When the sacrococcygeal ligament seemed to have punctured, the needle was tilted more towards the skin surface and the needle was inserted 2-3 mm deeper. The needle was aspired to check for blood and cerebral spinal fluid extravasations. The loss of resistance was confirmed with air-infusion. Then 0.25% bupivacaine 1 ml/kg was infused. (8,9).
In the QL block group, the probe will be placed anterior and superior to the iliac crest, and the 3 abdominal wall muscles will be visualized. The external abdominal oblique muscle will be followed posterolaterally until the posterior border of the muscle will be identified. When the probe is tilted to the attachment site of both the internal abdominal oblique muscle and the external abdominal oblique muscle over the QL, the midline of the thoracolumbar fascia will be seen as a bright hyperechogenic line. A 22-gauge 80-mm Quincke-type SonoPlex needle (Pajunk, Geisingen,Germany) will be inserted using an in-plane technique. The needle will be directed from anterolateral to posteromedial after making a negative aspiration test with 0.5 mL normal saline to confirm the space with a hypoechoic image and hydrodissection. An injection of 0.5 mL/kg 0.25% bupivacaine will be applied between the QL muscles and the thoracolumbar fascia(10).
The operation will be planned to begin 7 to 10 minutes after the block is applied , and all patients will be operated on with a standardized technique.
Pain levels will be assessed using a FLACC(11) (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability ) behavioral pain assessment scale postoperatively . When the FLACC score is 4 or greater ibuprofen 7mg/kg will be administered orally .
Any complications occurring during the procedure will be recorded and treated :
* Hypotension : In childhood, hypotension can be considered significant when there is 20-30% reduction from baseline in systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) (12) . Treated by administering fluid bolus(13) .
* Bradycardia : Defined as(14):
\< 60 bpm in kids 3-7 years old . Treated by 0.01-0.02 mg/kg atropine .
• Nausea and vomiting treated with ondansetron 0.1mg/kg intravenously(15) .
MEASURMENTS:
The following parameters will be measured for all patients:
* Pain levels will be assessed using a FLACC (Face, Legs ,Activity, Cry, Consolability) behavioral pain assessment scale postoperatively after recovery at 30minutes and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and24 hours by the nurses and a second anesthetist will be blinded to groupassignment in the recovery room and the surgical ward .
* Duration of analgesia measured by time from start of the block to the first request for analgesia .
* Total analgesic dose .
* Postoperative complications, such as hypotension, arrhythmia, bradycardia,, nausea, or vomiting .
* Parent satisfaction. Satisfaction levels of the parents will be given verbally as a level from 1 to 10, with the lowest level of satisfaction at a value of 1 and the highest level at 10(16).
A-Haemodynamics
1. Heart rate (beats/minute) and rhythm.
2. Non-invasive mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in mm Hg. Timing
* Baseline: before the block.
* Just after the block.
* Every 5 min during surgery.
* Every 2 hour after surgery.
B-Need for intraoperative rescue analgesia:
Adequate intraoperative analgesia was defined by hemodynamic stability, as indicated by the absence of an increase in heart rate or systolic arterial pressure 15% compared with baseline values obtained just before surgical incision. An intraoperative increase in blood pressure (BP) or heart rate (HR) by 15% was defined as insufficient analgesia and was treated with a rescue opioid (fentanyl; 1mcg/kg).
C-Assessment of Postoperative analgesia For postoperative pain evaluation, the pain scores were measured and the facial pain scores were taken 10 min, 30 min and 60 min upon arriving into the PACU. The patients were moved to their wards after 90 min passed in the PACU. At 120 min. post-surgery, the last pain scores were taken. The pain scores were taken when the patient was not crying. If the pain score was over 0.6, then paracetamol 15 mg/kg was infused.
D-Analgesic requirements
* Total dose of analgesics postoperative will be recorded
* Time of first analgesic dose given. E-Incidence of postoperative complications: e.g.: nausea , vomiting and respiratory depression.
The sample size was calculated by High Institute of Public Health.
Exclusion Criteria:
Infection at the site of needle insertion Neuromuscular disease/damage Anticoagulation or bleeding disorder. Sepsis Allergy to local anaesthetics. Guardians refusal
The patients will be randomly divided by closed envelope technique into two groups:
Group I: 30 patients will receive a caudal block after induction of general anaesthesia.
Group II::Will receive ultrasound guided quadrates lumborum block (QL ) ( posterior transmuscular approach ) using 0.5 mL/kg 0.25% bupivacaine to be applied between the QL muscles and the thoracolumbar fascia. .
METHOD
Preoperative Assessment:
1. History taking
2. Clinical examination
3. Routine laboratory investigations including complete blood picture, bleeding and clotting time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, blood urea, serum creatinine and fasting blood sugar will be done to every patient.
Pre anaesthetic preparation and premedication
* Nothing per mouth for 6 hours before surgery.
* A peripheral cannula (22 G) will be inserted in all patients.
* Administration 0f 10ml/kg. lactated Ringer's solution.
* All patients will be premedicated with atropine 0,1mg/kg. administered IM to all the patients 30 min prior to surgery.
A multi-channel monitor will be attached to the patient to display:
1. Continuous lead II electro cardiogram (ECG) monitoring.
2. Non-invasive blood pressure measurement (NIBP) mmHg.
3. Arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximeter (SpO2%).
4. End-tidal capnogram (ETco2).
Induction of anesthesia General anesthesia will be induced with sevoflurane and 50% air in oxygen then IV access will be inserted . Fentanyl will be administered at 1 μg/kg, and a laryngeal mask airway will be used to secure the upper airway. Anaesthesia will be maintained with sevoflurane 2% and 50% air in oxygen.
* All procedures (Caudal , QL) will be performed by the same anaesthetist after placement of the LMA before surgery.
* The patients of both groups were admitted to the ward and receive standard postoperative analgesic regimen composed of regular paracetamol 15mg./kg. every 8hours.
According to the studied group, patients will receive after induction either Group I: caudal block. Group II: Quadratus lamborum block.
Technique:
-For the caudal block, the patients were first inducted by GA and then they were placed in the altered left lateral position. The block site, which was mainly at the sacral hiatus, was sterilized with betadine, and the sacral hiatus between the sacral conui was palpated. Then a 23-gage short needle injection was used with the bevel towards the abdomen to puncture the sacral surface at a 45-degree angle. When the sacrococcygeal ligament seemed to have punctured, the needle was tilted more towards the skin surface and the needle was inserted 2-3 mm deeper. The needle was aspired to check for blood and cerebral spinal fluid extravasations. The loss of resistance was confirmed with air-infusion. Then 0.25% bupivacaine 1 ml/kg was infused. (8,9).
In the QL block group, the probe will be placed anterior and superior to the iliac crest, and the 3 abdominal wall muscles will be visualized. The external abdominal oblique muscle will be followed posterolaterally until the posterior border of the muscle will be identified. When the probe is tilted to the attachment site of both the internal abdominal oblique muscle and the external abdominal oblique muscle over the QL, the midline of the thoracolumbar fascia will be seen as a bright hyperechogenic line. A 22-gauge 80-mm Quincke-type SonoPlex needle (Pajunk, Geisingen,Germany) will be inserted using an in-plane technique. The needle will be directed from anterolateral to posteromedial after making a negative aspiration test with 0.5 mL normal saline to confirm the space with a hypoechoic image and hydrodissection. An injection of 0.5 mL/kg 0.25% bupivacaine will be applied between the QL muscles and the thoracolumbar fascia(10).
The operation will be planned to begin 7 to 10 minutes after the block is applied , and all patients will be operated on with a standardized technique.
Pain levels will be assessed using a FLACC(11) (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability ) behavioral pain assessment scale postoperatively . When the FLACC score is 4 or greater ibuprofen 7mg/kg will be administered orally .
Any complications occurring during the procedure will be recorded and treated :
* Hypotension : In childhood, hypotension can be considered significant when there is 20-30% reduction from baseline in systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) (12) . Treated by administering fluid bolus(13) .
* Bradycardia : Defined as(14):
\< 60 bpm in kids 3-7 years old . Treated by 0.01-0.02 mg/kg atropine .
• Nausea and vomiting treated with ondansetron 0.1mg/kg intravenously(15) .
MEASURMENTS:
The following parameters will be measured for all patients:
* Pain levels will be assessed using a FLACC (Face, Legs ,Activity, Cry, Consolability) behavioral pain assessment scale postoperatively after recovery at 30minutes and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and24 hours by the nurses and a second anesthetist will be blinded to groupassignment in the recovery room and the surgical ward .
* Duration of analgesia measured by time from start of the block to the first request for analgesia .
* Total analgesic dose .
* Postoperative complications, such as hypotension, arrhythmia, bradycardia,, nausea, or vomiting .
* Parent satisfaction. Satisfaction levels of the parents will be given verbally as a level from 1 to 10, with the lowest level of satisfaction at a value of 1 and the highest level at 10(16).
A-Haemodynamics
1. Heart rate (beats/minute) and rhythm.
2. Non-invasive mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in mm Hg. Timing
* Baseline: before the block.
* Just after the block.
* Every 5 min during surgery.
* Every 2 hour after surgery.
B-Need for intraoperative rescue analgesia:
Adequate intraoperative analgesia was defined by hemodynamic stability, as indicated by the absence of an increase in heart rate or systolic arterial pressure 15% compared with baseline values obtained just before surgical incision. An intraoperative increase in blood pressure (BP) or heart rate (HR) by 15% was defined as insufficient analgesia and was treated with a rescue opioid (fentanyl; 1mcg/kg).
C-Assessment of Postoperative analgesia For postoperative pain evaluation, the pain scores were measured and the facial pain scores were taken 10 min, 30 min and 60 min upon arriving into the PACU. The patients were moved to their wards after 90 min passed in the PACU. At 120 min. post-surgery, the last pain scores were taken. The pain scores were taken when the patient was not crying. If the pain score was over 0.6, then paracetamol 15 mg/kg was infused.
D-Analgesic requirements
* Total dose of analgesics postoperative will be recorded
* Time of first analgesic dose given. E-Incidence of postoperative complications: e.g.: nausea , vomiting and respiratory depression.
Conditions
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Pain, Postoperative
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
TRIPLE
Participants
Caregivers
Outcome Assessors
Study Groups
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Hernioraphy/Caudal block
patients will receive a caudal block after induction of general anaesthesia.
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Hernioraphy/Caudal block
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
30 patients will receive a caudal block after induction of general anaesthesia
Hernioraphy/Quadratus Lumborum block
patients will receive ultrasound guided quadrates lumborum block (QL )
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Hernioraphy/Quadratus Lumborum block
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
30 patients will receive ultrasound guided quadrates lumborum block
Interventions
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Hernioraphy/Caudal block
30 patients will receive a caudal block after induction of general anaesthesia
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
Hernioraphy/Quadratus Lumborum block
30 patients will receive ultrasound guided quadrates lumborum block
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
\-
Exclusion Criteria
Infection at the site of needle insertion Neuromuscular disease/damage Anticoagulation or bleeding disorder. Sepsis Allergy to local anaesthetics. Guardians refusal
Minimum Eligible Age
2 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
5 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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University of Alexandria
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Mohammad Hazem I. Ahmad Sabry
Lecturer of Anesthesia/Head of Ambulatory surgery and pain clinic.
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Mohammad Hazem I Ahmad Sabry, MB,ChB MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Alexandria University
Locations
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Alexandria Faculty of Medicine
Alexandria, , Egypt
Site Status
Countries
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Egypt
References
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Meier DE, OlaOlorun DA, Omodele RA, Nkor SK, Tarpley JL. Incidence of umbilical hernia in African children: redefinition of "normal" and reevaluation of indications for repair. World J Surg. 2001 May;25(5):645-8. doi: 10.1007/s002680020072.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Finley AG, McGrath PJ, Forward PS, McNeill G, Fitzgerald P. Parents' management of children's pain following 'minor' surgery. Pain. 1996 Jan;64(1):83-87. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00091-7.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Johr M. Practical pediatric regional anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2013 Jun;26(3):327-32. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283606a1e.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Hadzic A, Karaca PE, Hobeika P, Unis G, Dermksian J, Yufa M, Claudio R, Vloka JD, Santos AC, Thys DM. Peripheral nerve blocks result in superior recovery profile compared with general anesthesia in outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg. 2005 Apr;100(4):976-981. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000150944.95158.B9.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Ecoffey C. Local anesthetics in pediatric anesthesia: an update. Minerva Anestesiol. 2005 Jun;71(6):357-60.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Willard FH, Vleeming A, Schuenke MD, Danneels L, Schleip R. The thoracolumbar fascia: anatomy, function and clinical considerations. J Anat. 2012 Dec;221(6):507-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01511.x. Epub 2012 May 27.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kadam VR. Ultrasound-guided quadratus lumborum block as a postoperative analgesic technique for laparotomy. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Oct;29(4):550-2. doi: 10.4103/0970-9185.119148.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Waldman SD. Caudal epidural nerve block: prone position. In: Atlas of Interventional Pain Management, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004 ; 380-92
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Machotta A, Risse A, Bercker S, Streich R, Pappert D. Comparison between instillation of bupivacaine versus caudal analgesia for postoperative analgesia following inguinal herniotomy in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2003 Jun;13(5):397-402. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.01080.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Oksuz G, Bilal B, Gurkan Y, Urfalioglu A, Arslan M, Gisi G, Oksuz H. Quadratus Lumborum Block Versus Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Children Undergoing Low Abdominal Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2017 Sep/Oct;42(5):674-679. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000645.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997 May-Jun;23(3):293-7.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Nafiu OO, Voepel-Lewis T, Morris M, Chimbira WT, Malviya S, Reynolds PI, Tremper KK. How do pediatric anesthesiologists define intraoperative hypotension? Paediatr Anaesth. 2009 Nov;19(11):1048-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03140.x. Epub 2009 Oct 1.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Pawar D. Common post-operative complications in children. Indian J Anaesth. 2012 Sep;56(5):496-501. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.103970.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Chiu SN, Lin LY, Wang JK, Lu CW, Chang CW, Lin MT, Hua YC, Lue HC, Wu MH. Long-term outcomes of pediatric sinus bradycardia. J Pediatr. 2013 Sep;163(3):885-9.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.054. Epub 2013 Apr 25.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Hohne C. Postoperative nausea and vomiting in pediatric anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014 Jun;27(3):303-8. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000073.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Liversidge XL, Taylor DM, Liu B, Ling SL, Taylor SE. Variables associated with parent satisfaction with their child's pain management. Emerg Med Australas. 2016 Feb;28(1):39-43. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12519. Epub 2015 Dec 20.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
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050108018(18/12/2018)
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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