Relation Between Internal Vaginal Douching and Vaginal Infections in Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Users
NCT ID: NCT03261804
Last Updated: 2022-05-25
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
604 participants
OBSERVATIONAL
2018-06-01
2021-08-01
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Vaginal douching (VD) is the process of intravaginal cleansing with any type of liquid solution. Douching is a common practice among women all over the world and is used for personal hygiene. Studies in the USA showed that about 37% of US women in reproductive age (15-44 Y) reported regular VD. The performance of this habit varied between different ethnic groups and different socioeconomic levels. In a Turkish study, VD reported to be performed by 91.6% of women living in rural areas.
There are cultural believes that VD is necessary for good hygiene. Other motives for douching are to clean the vagina after the end of menses or before and/or after sexual intercourse, to prevent or ameliorate an odor, to prevent or treat vaginal symptoms such as itching and discharge. Other factors contribute to a woman's decision to douche her vagina like the influence of patients' mothers, friends, and relatives. Some others consider VD as religious duty to be able to pray after menses or sexual intercourse.
Previous studies have pointed to reproductive health hazards of VD. Women who perform this habit were 1.2 to 5.1 times more likely to develop bacterial vaginosis (BV); 1.6 -1.9 times more likely to experience a preterm labor (PTL). Women who adopt this habit were twice likely to develop cancer cervix; 1.7 times more likely to have sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Moreover, VD performers have 73% increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and are 1.5 times more likely to develop endometritis.
The intrauterine device (IUD) is the most widely used method of contraception because of its safety and cost-effective benefit. Over 100 million women are now using this device. However, the number of user is still much less than expected. This probably due to the doubt about complications from IUD, the most common medical reasons for early discontinuation of IUD are bleeding and/or pain along with genital infections.
Many women who have vaginitis generally complain of some combination of discharge, odor, irritation, and itch. The most common causes of vaginitis in premenopausal group were bacterial vaginosis, vaginal candidiasis and trichomoniasis. Previous studies showed that copper IUD caused a change in the cervicovaginal flora that resulted in the predominance of anaerobic species. These alterations may affect vaginal health and cause more vaginal infection and symptoms for example itching, soreness and abnormal discharge.
Conditions
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Study Design
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FAMILY_BASED
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Study Groups
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Group I:internal vaginal douching users
relation between vaginal douching and vaginal infection
personal hygiene including performing external or Internal vaginal douching, how she is performing this douching (by hand, water, jet, pump), how frequent and why they perform this internal vaginal douche.
Group II: none internal vaginal douching users
relation between vaginal douching and vaginal infection
personal hygiene including performing external or Internal vaginal douching, how she is performing this douching (by hand, water, jet, pump), how frequent and why they perform this internal vaginal douche.
Interventions
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relation between vaginal douching and vaginal infection
personal hygiene including performing external or Internal vaginal douching, how she is performing this douching (by hand, water, jet, pump), how frequent and why they perform this internal vaginal douche.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
18 Years
48 Years
FEMALE
No
Sponsors
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Assiut University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Ahmed Mohamed Alaaeldin Mahmoud Youssef
Lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women Health Hospitals, Assiut University
Principal Investigators
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Ahmed A YOUSSEF, M.D
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Assiut University
Locations
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Women's Health Hospital, Assiut University
Asyut, , Egypt
Countries
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References
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Ferraz do Lago R, Simoes JA, Bahamondes L, Camargo RP, Perrotti M, Monteiro I. Follow-up of users of intrauterine device with and without bacterial vaginosis and other cervicovaginal infections. Contraception. 2003 Aug;68(2):105-9. doi: 10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00109-4.
Martino JL, Vermund SH. Vaginal douching: evidence for risks or benefits to women's health. Epidemiol Rev. 2002;24(2):109-24. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxf004. No abstract available.
Zhang J, Thomas AG, Leybovich E. Vaginal douching and adverse health effects: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 1997 Jul;87(7):1207-11. doi: 10.2105/ajph.87.7.1207.
Zhang J, Hatch M, Zhang D, Shulman J, Harville E, Thomas AG. Frequency of douching and risk of bacterial vaginosis in African-American women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Oct;104(4):756-60. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000139947.90826.98.
Hutchinson KB, Kip KE, Ness RB; Gynecologic Infection Follow-Through (GIFT) Investigators. Vaginal douching and development of bacterial vaginosis among women with normal and abnormal vaginal microflora. Sex Transm Dis. 2007 Sep;34(9):671-5. doi: 10.1097/01.olq.0000258435.34879.da.
Luong ML, Libman M, Dahhou M, Chen MF, Kahn SR, Goulet L, Seguin L, Lydon J, McNamara H, Platt RW, Kramer MS. Vaginal douching, bacterial vaginosis, and spontaneous preterm birth. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010 Apr;32(4):313-320. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34474-7.
Fonck K, Kaul R, Keli F, Bwayo JJ, Ngugi EN, Moses S, Temmerman M. Sexually transmitted infections and vaginal douching in a population of female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transm Infect. 2001 Aug;77(4):271-5. doi: 10.1136/sti.77.4.271.
Rew L. Vaginal douching increased risk of sexually transmitted infections in high-risk adolescents. Evid Based Nurs. 2009 Jul;12(3):88. doi: 10.1136/ebn.12.3.88. No abstract available.
Kanat-Pektas M, Ozat M, Gungor T. The effects of TCu-380A on cervicovaginal flora. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008 May;277(5):429-32. doi: 10.1007/s00404-007-0496-0. Epub 2007 Oct 31.
Haukkamaa M, Stranden P, Jousimies-Somer H, Siitonen A. Bacterial flora of the cervix in women using an intrauterine device. Contraception. 1987 Nov;36(5):527-34. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(87)90004-7.
Other Identifiers
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VD in IUD users
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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