Impact of Legionella Urine Antigen Testing (LUAT) on the Local Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Legionella Pneumonia

NCT ID: NCT03200275

Last Updated: 2019-07-30

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

505 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2017-09-12

Study Completion Date

2019-05-15

Brief Summary

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There has never been a paper published or research done to determine the rate of Legionella species as a cause of community or nosocomial acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in Malaysia. Anecdotally, Legionnaires' disease is thought to be uncommon in Malaysia. This is one of the first prospective hospital-based studies to comprehensively evaluate the epidemiological and demographical factors of patients hospitalized with Legionella infection in Malaysia.

Detailed Description

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Legionellosis is an environment-related, acute gram negative bacterial respiratory infection and is caused primarily by the species Legionella pneumophila, an atypical pulmonary pathogen, in the likes of mycoplasma and chlamydia species. Potentially all Legionella spp. may cause human disease, however, the majority (92%) of clinical cases are caused by L. pneumophila and the predominant serogroup is serogroup 1.

Globally, 1-5% of community acquired pneumonia patients is caused by Legionella spp. and is a challenge to public health authorities. The incidence of Legionella Pneumonia in the US has exceeded expectations and is increasing, with at least 13,000 cases occurring annually. In Singapore, Legionella spp. is responsible for 2-7% of cases of hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia.

Legionella pneumophila is being increasingly recognized as a common pathogen causing both community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia that is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. It is also one of the most common aetiology discovered when pneumonia is sufficiently severe to require admission to an intensive care unit. It's likely to cause a severe form of pneumonia with high likelihood of adverse medical outcomes which includes rapid deterioration, respiratory failure and the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission.

It will be impossible to distinguish patients with Legionnaires' disease from patients with other types of pneumonia clinically. The key to diagnosis is to perform microbiologic testing when a patient is stratified into a high-risk category. Rapid diagnosis of these pneumonias is desired as delayed diagnosis and institution of appropriate antibiotics is associated with poor outcomes.

In routine clinical practice, legionellosis is rarely proven by culture whereas detection of urinary antigen is now common. In US and Europe, case detection rates were revolutionized with the usage of urine antigen test at 97% and 79% respectively. Urine antigen testing has a reported sensitivity that ranges between 76% and 86% for cases of Legionella pneumonia serogroup 1 and a specificity that approaches 100%.

In this region, urine antigen test is rarely done due to lack of clinical awareness, a perception that Legionella infection is uncommon and due to the lack of availability of this test regionally. The introduction of the immunochromatographic (ICT) membrane assay to detect antigenuria has revolutionized the usage of UAT to diagnose Legionella infections. The ICT assay is similar to a home pregnancy test and is commercially available. The test is simple to perform and does not require special laboratory equipment, and results can be obtained within 15 minutes. The investigators wish to utilize this innovation to test patients whom are hospitalized with pneumonia and determine the incidence of Legionella infection in the local setting.

Conditions

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Legionella Pneumophila Pneumonia

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

CASE_ONLY

Study Time Perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

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HOSPITALISED PNEUMONIA PATIENTS

All patients of more than 18 years of age, hospitalized consecutively for pneumonia irrespective of it being community or hospital acquired. All the patients included in this study will need to have acute symptoms of less than 2 weeks and radiological features which are compatible to pneumonia.

They will undergo testing for Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 urine antigen using a qualitative rapid assay following manufacturer's instructions at baseline. The diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia is made if the Immunocatch™ Legionella Urine Antigen Test is positive.

Immunocatch™ Legionella Urine Antigen Test

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

A total number of 503 urine specimens from study participants will be tested with LUAT - Immunocatch™. This test utilises the immunochromatographic (ICT) membrane assay to detect antigenuria which has revolutionized the usage of UAT to diagnose Legionella infections. The results can be obtained within minutes and the test does not require any sophisticated laboratory support. A comparison of the ICT with the Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) test showed comparable performance characteristics.

Interventions

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Immunocatch™ Legionella Urine Antigen Test

A total number of 503 urine specimens from study participants will be tested with LUAT - Immunocatch™. This test utilises the immunochromatographic (ICT) membrane assay to detect antigenuria which has revolutionized the usage of UAT to diagnose Legionella infections. The results can be obtained within minutes and the test does not require any sophisticated laboratory support. A comparison of the ICT with the Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) test showed comparable performance characteristics.

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

1. More than 18 years of age,
2. Hospitalized consecutively for pneumonia irrespective of it being community or hospital acquired.
3. Acute symptoms of less than 2 weeks and radiological features which are compatible to pneumonia.

\-

Exclusion Criteria

1. Under 18 years of age
2. Suspected/confirmed case of active tuberculosis
3. Patients who refused to give consent -
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Ministry of Health, Malaysia

OTHER_GOV

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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ALBERT ANTHONY

Pulmonologist/Principal Investigator

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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ALBERT IRUTHIARAJ L ANTHONY, MBBS

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

HOSPITAL TAIPING

Locations

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Hospital Taiping

Taiping, Perak, Malaysia

Site Status

Countries

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Malaysia

References

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Touray S, Newstein MC, Lui JK, Harris M, Knox K. Legionella pneumophila cases in a community hospital: A 12-month retrospective review. SAGE Open Med. 2014 Oct 10;2:2050312114554673. doi: 10.1177/2050312114554673. eCollection 2014.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 26770744 (View on PubMed)

Diederen BM, Kluytmans JA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Peeters MF. Utility of real-time PCR for diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease in routine clinical practice. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Feb;46(2):671-7. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01196-07. Epub 2007 Dec 19.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 18094136 (View on PubMed)

Farnham A, Alleyne L, Cimini D, Balter S. Legionnaires' disease incidence and risk factors, New York, New York, USA, 2002-2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Nov;20(11):1795-1802. doi: 10.3201/eid2011.131872.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 25513657 (View on PubMed)

Helbig JH, Uldum SA, Bernander S, Luck PC, Wewalka G, Abraham B, Gaia V, Harrison TG. Clinical utility of urinary antigen detection for diagnosis of community-acquired, travel-associated, and nosocomial legionnaires' disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Feb;41(2):838-40. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.2.838-840.2003.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 12574296 (View on PubMed)

Fiumefreddo R, Zaborsky R, Haeuptle J, Christ-Crain M, Trampuz A, Steffen I, Frei R, Muller B, Schuetz P. Clinical predictors for Legionella in patients presenting with community-acquired pneumonia to the emergency department. BMC Pulm Med. 2009 Jan 19;9:4. doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-9-4.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 19152698 (View on PubMed)

Levcovich A, Lazarovitch T, Moran-Gilad J, Peretz C, Yakunin E, Valinsky L, Weinberger M. Complex clinical and microbiological effects on Legionnaires' disease outcone; A retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 10;16:75. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1374-9.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 26864322 (View on PubMed)

Hollenbeck B, Dupont I, Mermel LA. How often is a work-up for Legionella pursued in patients with pneumonia? a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Sep 7;11:237. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-237.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 21899763 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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NMRR-17-50-34002

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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