Association Between Smoking, Brain Activity, Genes, and ADHD

Study Results

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Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

89 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2009-07-31

Study Completion Date

2016-06-30

Brief Summary

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The study investigated the underlying mechanisms of smoking in young adults by examining the associations between smoking, brain activity, dopamine genes, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

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Detailed Description

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The study investigated the underlying mechanisms of smoking in young adults by examining the associations between smoking, brain activity, dopamine genes, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Four groups of young adults were recruited: (1) smokers with ADHD; (2) nonsmokers with ADHD; (3) normative control smokers; and (4) normative control nonsmokers. Smoking was assessed via questionnaires and salivary cotinine levels. Brain activity was examined via functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Each nonsmoker underwent an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems. Smokers underwent two fMRI scans during similar experimental tasks under the following two conditions: (1) after smoking a cigarette and (2) after overnight abstinence. The association between the DRD4-7 repeat allele and smoking was explored.

Conditions

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Smoking Withdrawal Nicotine ADHD

Study Groups

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Smokers with ADHD

Smokers with ADHD participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning).

Cigarette smoking

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants had an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems after smoking a cigarette.

Abstinence

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants had an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems after smoking abstinence.

Nonsmokers with ADHD

Nonsmokers with ADHD participated in one condition.

Abstinence

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants had an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems after smoking abstinence.

Control smokers

Control smokers participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning).

Cigarette smoking

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants had an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems after smoking a cigarette.

Abstinence

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants had an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems after smoking abstinence.

Control nonsmokers

Control nonsmokers participated in one condition.

Abstinence

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants had an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems after smoking abstinence.

Interventions

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Cigarette smoking

Participants had an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems after smoking a cigarette.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Abstinence

Participants had an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems after smoking abstinence.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

1. Smokers with ADHD

* Cigarette smoking for the last year
* ADHD diagnosis
2. Nonsmokers with ADHD

* No history of regularly smoking cigarettes
* ADHD diagnosis
3. Normative control smokers

* Cigarette smoking for the last year
* No history and diagnosis of ADHD
4. Normative control nonsmokers

* No history of regularly smoking cigarettes
* No history and diagnosis of ADHD

Exclusion Criteria

* Children under the age of 18
* Adults above the age of 45
* Pregnancy or planning to become pregnant
* Any major medical illness
* Any mental disorders that require medication (except stimulant medication)
* Any contraindications to fMRI scanning
* Not speaking English

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

45 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes