Improving Oral Health Knowledge and Habits in People With Diabetes Through a Theory Guided WhatsApp Education Program
NCT ID: NCT07323771
Last Updated: 2026-01-07
Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
98 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2025-09-15
2025-11-30
Brief Summary
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Does a WhatsApp-based educational Program improve oral health knowledge and behaviors in people with diabetes, and is it more effective than education delivered through brochures? Participants in one group will receive educational videos through WhatsApp, while the other group receive a brochure containing oral health information. Researchers will then compare the groups to see if the intervention made a difference.
Participants will:
* Fill a baseline questionnaire to assess their current knowledge and behaviors.
* They then either participate in a one-month educational program delivered through WhatsApp, or receive an educational brochure.
* Wait for 1 month after the program to allow for application of knowledge.
* Fill a post intervention questionnaire to assess changes in knowledge and behavior.
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Detailed Description
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A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate participants' knowledge and oral hygiene practices at two points: baseline (before intervention) and one-month post-intervention. The questionnaire was designed to measure HBM constructs (e.g. perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy), awareness of oral care and oral hygiene related behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 27.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
Randomization was conducted using random number generator where each participant was assigned a random number, then participants were allocated equally into either Intervention Group which received HBM based education via WhatsApp or control Group which received an educational brochure.
OTHER
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Educational Brochure Group
Participants in this group receive oral health education through an educational brochure
Educational Brochure Group
The Educational brochure provides information on the relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and oral health and recommended oral hygiene practices. No WhatsApp based videos are provided during the study period
Health Belief Model Based WhatsApp Oral Health Education Program
Participants receive a Health Belief Model (HBM) based oral health education program through WhatsApp videos for four weeks.
Health Belief Model (HBM) Based WhatsApp Oral Health Education Program
The program includes short educational videos, weekly thematic content, reminders, and behavior-reinforcement messages aimed at enhancing oral health knowledge, HBM constructs, and oral hygiene behaviors among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Interventions
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Health Belief Model (HBM) Based WhatsApp Oral Health Education Program
The program includes short educational videos, weekly thematic content, reminders, and behavior-reinforcement messages aimed at enhancing oral health knowledge, HBM constructs, and oral hygiene behaviors among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Educational Brochure Group
The Educational brochure provides information on the relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and oral health and recommended oral hygiene practices. No WhatsApp based videos are provided during the study period
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Able to use WhatsApp for the study duration
* Able to read and write in Urdu
Exclusion Criteria
* Individuals diagnosed with life-threatening diseases such as advanced cancer, end-stage renal disease, or severe cardiac failure
* Diminished cognitive ability
* Radiotherapy in head and neck region.
* Planning to migrate during the study period.
18 Years
65 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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Dow University of Health Sciences
OTHER
Responsible Party
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ILMA KIRAN
MPH Trainee and Lecturer
Principal Investigators
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ILMA KIRAN, BDS, MPH
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Dow University of Health Sciences
Locations
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National Institute of Diabetes & Endocrinology
Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Countries
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References
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Jacome-Hortua AM, Rincon-Rueda ZR, Sanchez-Ramirez DC, Angarita-Fonseca A. Effects of a WhatsApp-Assisted Health Educational Intervention for Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Protocol. Methods Protoc. 2024 Apr 19;7(2):35. doi: 10.3390/mps7020035.
Gao X, Wong ML, Kalhan AC, Xie JJ, Siti Hajar H, Yeo ABK, Allen PF. Theory-derived intervention to improve oral health of older adults: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2022 Dec 12;12(12):e064791. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064791.
Jeihooni AK, Jamshidi H, Kashfi SM, Avand A, Khiyali Z. The Effect of Health Education Program Based on Health Belief Model on Oral Health Behaviors in Pregnant Women of Fasa City, Fars Province, South of Iran. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2017 Nov-Dec;7(6):336-343. doi: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_339_17. Epub 2017 Dec 29.
Omar MA, Hasan S, Palaian S, Mahameed S. The impact of a self-management educational program coordinated through WhatsApp on diabetes control. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020 Apr-Jun;18(2):1841. doi: 10.18549/PharmPract.2020.2.1841. Epub 2020 May 3.
Haghdoost A, Bakhshandeh S, Tohidi S, Ghorbani Z, Namdari M. Improvement of oral health knowledge and behavior of diabetic patients: an interventional study using the social media. BMC Oral Health. 2023 Jun 3;23(1):359. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03007-w.
Malekmahmoodi M, Shamsi M, Roozbahani N, Moradzadeh R. A randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention to promote oral and dental health of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Public Health. 2020 Mar 4;20(1):287. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8395-4.
Provided Documents
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Document Type: Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan
Related Links
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Provides general information on the relationship between diabetes and oral health and guidance on maintaining good oral hygiene habits to prevent gum disease and oral complications.
Provides concise information on how diabetes increases the risk of oral diseases such as gum infection and tooth decay, and emphasizes the importance of good oral hygiene and regular dental care as part of diabetes management.
Other Identifiers
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IRB4057/DUHS/Approval/2025/294
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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