Comparison of Square Stepping Exercise and Wobble Board Exercise in Elderly Population

NCT ID: NCT07150364

Last Updated: 2025-09-02

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

38 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-11-17

Study Completion Date

2026-01-30

Brief Summary

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Cognitive decline and balance issues are key contributors to falls. Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) and Wobble Board Exercise (WBE) both are the promising forms of balance training. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare these two exercises to determine their effects on cognition, balance, and fall risk in elderly population.

Detailed Description

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The study in 2016 described the effects of square stepping exercises versus traditional balance exercises on improving balance and reducing fear of falling in the elderly. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and Fall Efficacy Scale (FES) were used for assessments. Both groups showed significant improvements in BBS and TUG scores (p\<0.0001), but the square stepping exercise group demonstrated more significant gains. The study concluded that square stepping exercises were more effective in enhancing balance and reducing fear of falling compared to traditional balance exercises.This study addresses a notable gap in existing literature by comparing the effects of Square Stepping Exercise and Wobble Board Exercise in improving cognition, balance, and fall risk among the elderly. While both exercises have been recognized individually for their benefits, but their comparative effectiveness remains understudied. By focusing on this comparison, this study aim is to fill this gap and offer valuable insights into the most effective intervention for enhancing functional independence and promoting healthy aging.

Conditions

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Elderly Population

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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Square Stepping Exercise

In SSE, step patterns are performed on a mat

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Square Stepping Exercise

Intervention Type OTHER

5 days per week for 6 weeks. 30 minutes per session with appropriate rest interval in between.

Wobble Board Exercise

Person is standing on a wobble board, that unexpectedly translates or tilts

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Wobble Board Exercise

Intervention Type OTHER

5 days per week for 6 weeks. 30 minutes per session with appropriate rest interval in between.

Interventions

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Square Stepping Exercise

5 days per week for 6 weeks. 30 minutes per session with appropriate rest interval in between.

Intervention Type OTHER

Wobble Board Exercise

5 days per week for 6 weeks. 30 minutes per session with appropriate rest interval in between.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Elderly individuals age 60 years and above of both genders according to the guidelines of World Health Organization (WHO).
* Participants whose Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score will be \>24/30 ensuring sufficient cognitive ability to follow instructions and participate in exercise.
* Participants whose Berg Balance Scale scores of more than 41/56 ensuring that the participants have moderate level of balance ability.
* Vital signs within normal range for elderly population.
* Ability to walk independently with or without an assistive device (e.g., canes).

Exclusion Criteria

* Participants who have severe musculoskeletal or neurological disorders affecting gait or balance (e.g., Parkinson's disease, and stroke) because of the complex impacts of these conditions on general cognitive and physical functions.
* Participants who undergoes recent fractures or injuries affecting participation in physical activity.
* Participants who have uncontrolled cardiovascular or metabolic conditions (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) that could significantly interfere with exercise.
Minimum Eligible Age

60 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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Riphah International University

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Fatima Tariq

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Riphah International University

Locations

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Khursheed Old Home

Lahore, Punjab Province, Pakistan

Site Status RECRUITING

Countries

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Pakistan

Central Contacts

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Imran Amjad, Phd

Role: CONTACT

03324390125

Facility Contacts

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Fatima Tariq

Role: primary

03344255033

References

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Delbaere K, Valenzuela T, Lord SR, Clemson L, Zijlstra GAR, Close JCT, Lung T, Woodbury A, Chow J, McInerney G, Miles L, Toson B, Briggs N, van Schooten KS. E-health StandingTall balance exercise for fall prevention in older people: results of a two year randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2021 Apr 6;373:n740. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n740.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 33824131 (View on PubMed)

Forbes PA, Chen A, Blouin JS. Sensorimotor control of standing balance. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;159:61-83. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63916-5.00004-5.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 30482333 (View on PubMed)

Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL. Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018 Apr 24;319(16):1705-1716. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.21962.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 29710140 (View on PubMed)

Henry M, Baudry S. Age-related changes in leg proprioception: implications for postural control. J Neurophysiol. 2019 Aug 1;122(2):525-538. doi: 10.1152/jn.00067.2019. Epub 2019 Jun 5.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 31166819 (View on PubMed)

Franzel K, Koschate J, Freiberger E, Shigematsu R, Zieschang T, Tietgen S. Square-stepping exercise in older inpatients in early geriatric rehabilitation. A randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Geriatr. 2024 Apr 10;24(1):326. doi: 10.1186/s12877-024-04932-3.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 38600478 (View on PubMed)

Thomas E, Battaglia G, Patti A, Brusa J, Leonardi V, Palma A, Bellafiore M. Physical activity programs for balance and fall prevention in elderly: A systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jul;98(27):e16218. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000016218.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 31277132 (View on PubMed)

Kawabata M, Gan SR, Shen-Hsing AC. Effects of Square Stepping Exercise on cognitive, physical, psychological, and group functioning in sedentary older adults: A center-based hybrid trial. BMC Geriatr. 2024 Apr 25;24(1):374. doi: 10.1186/s12877-024-04904-7.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 38664613 (View on PubMed)

Taghavi Asl A, Shojaedin SS, Hadadnezhad M. Comparison of effect of wobble board training with and without cognitive intervention on balance, ankle proprioception and jump landing kinetic parameters of men with chronic ankle instability: a randomized control trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022 Sep 30;23(1):888. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05706-x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 36180870 (View on PubMed)

Rudnicka E, Napierala P, Podfigurna A, Meczekalski B, Smolarczyk R, Grymowicz M. The World Health Organization (WHO) approach to healthy ageing. Maturitas. 2020 Sep;139:6-11. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.018. Epub 2020 May 26.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 32747042 (View on PubMed)

Meimandi M, Fadavi-Ghaffari M, Taghizadeh G, Azad A, Lajevardi L. Falls Efficacy Scale and Single Item Question: Screening Accuracy for Older Adults Residing in Nursing Homes. Clin Gerontol. 2021 Oct-Dec;44(5):544-551. doi: 10.1080/07317115.2020.1858467. Epub 2020 Dec 15.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 33320074 (View on PubMed)

Dewan N, MacDermid JC. Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). J Physiother. 2014 Mar;60(1):60. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2013.12.014. Epub 2014 May 3. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 24856947 (View on PubMed)

Patnode CD, Perdue LA, Rossom RC, Rushkin MC, Redmond N, Thomas RG, Lin JS. Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2020 Feb 25;323(8):764-785. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.22258.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 32096857 (View on PubMed)

Meekes WM, Korevaar JC, Leemrijse CJ, van de Goor IA. Practical and validated tool to assess falls risk in the primary care setting: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2021 Sep 29;11(9):e045431. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045431.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 34588228 (View on PubMed)

Zahedian-Nasab N, Jaberi A, Shirazi F, Kavousipor S. Effect of virtual reality exercises on balance and fall in elderly people with fall risk: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2021 Sep 25;21(1):509. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02462-w.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 34563120 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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REC/RCR&AHS/24/02101

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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