Improving Timely Diagnosis and Initiation of Breast Cancer Treatment in Ethiopia
NCT ID: NCT07023198
Last Updated: 2025-06-15
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
2000 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2025-03-24
Study Completion Date
2026-03-23
Brief Summary
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Brief summery Prolonged presentation, along with diagnostic and treatment delays, remain significant problems for breast cancer care in Ethiopia, primarily due to low health-seeking behaviour, lack of access, long waiting times, and weak referral systems. Despite these challenges, evidence-based interventions like structured breast screening and patient navigation services are limited. To address these issues, the investigators aimed to implement a provider-initiated clinical breast examination and patient navigation intervention using an implementation mapping approach.
This is just a one-year implementation mapping (IM) study that will be carried out at four general hospitals in Ethiopia after identifying contextual barriers and implementation determinants using a baseline assessment. The main aim of the study is to improve timely diagnosis and initiation of breast cancer treatment by implementing provider-initiated clinical breast examination and patient navigation interventions.
The study has the following key outcomes: Proportion of CBE uptake, Time to diagnosis, Proportion of early-stage disease, Time to treatment initiation, Barriers and facilitators to implementation, Patient satisfaction, and perceived quality of care The study will strictly follow the steps of implementation mapping design to select and evaluate implementation strategies to bring an evidence-based intervention. In addition, the study will apply established frameworks such as the CFIR and RE-AIM, which can strengthen the study's ability to identify, measure, and interpret multiple implementation outcomes. This study aligns with the Ministry of Health priorities aimed at scaling up breast cancer early detection in general hospitals, which are potential sites for expanding and decentralizing peripheral cancer care in Ethiopia. Therefore, it will provide evidence-based strategies that can be incorporated into the routine health care practice to address multiple points of delay in the care pathway, mainly in the early detection and referral phases at each level of the health care system in the country. The findings will offer a promising strategy to address critical delays in the breast cancer care continuum for low-income settings facing similar challenges. Moreover, the findings will contribute to national and global efforts to improve breast cancer care equity and outcomes through implementation science.
This is just a one-year implementation mapping (IM) study that will be carried out at four general hospitals in Ethiopia after identifying contextual barriers and implementation determinants using a baseline assessment. The main aim of the study is to improve timely diagnosis and initiation of breast cancer treatment by implementing provider-initiated clinical breast examination and patient navigation interventions.
The study has the following key outcomes: Proportion of CBE uptake, Time to diagnosis, Proportion of early-stage disease, Time to treatment initiation, Barriers and facilitators to implementation, Patient satisfaction, and perceived quality of care The study will strictly follow the steps of implementation mapping design to select and evaluate implementation strategies to bring an evidence-based intervention. In addition, the study will apply established frameworks such as the CFIR and RE-AIM, which can strengthen the study's ability to identify, measure, and interpret multiple implementation outcomes. This study aligns with the Ministry of Health priorities aimed at scaling up breast cancer early detection in general hospitals, which are potential sites for expanding and decentralizing peripheral cancer care in Ethiopia. Therefore, it will provide evidence-based strategies that can be incorporated into the routine health care practice to address multiple points of delay in the care pathway, mainly in the early detection and referral phases at each level of the health care system in the country. The findings will offer a promising strategy to address critical delays in the breast cancer care continuum for low-income settings facing similar challenges. Moreover, the findings will contribute to national and global efforts to improve breast cancer care equity and outcomes through implementation science.
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Detailed Description
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The majority of breast cancer patients experienced long delays from their initial presentation to final diagnosis and treatment initiation in Ethiopia, primarily due to low health-seeking behavior, lack of access, long waiting times for diagnostic workups, and weak referral systems. Despite these challenges, evidence-based interventions like structured breast screening using clinical breast exams and PN services are limited. CBE is offered only for those presenting with breast complaints. Standard screening tools such as mammography are very limited in the country. This urges an urgent need for context-specific implementation strategies that are evidence-based and feasible within the constraints of the health care facilities in Ethiopia, where patients suffer long diagnostic and treatment delays.
The investigators hypothesized that implementing provider-initiated (CBE) and PN would improve the screening uptake, timely diagnosis, and linkage to treatment for breast cancer at general hospitals in Ethiopia. The intervention will be implemented based on the recently launched national breast health guideline, which recommends using CBE and PN services with effective referral pathways. This combined approach aligns with the WHO's GBCI, aiming to reduce mortality through early detection and comprehensive care, and is particularly suited to Ethiopia.
The investigators aimed to use the Implementation Mapping framework, a systematic, step-by-step methodology used to guide the development of implementation strategies that enhance the adoption, execution, and sustainability of evidence-based interventions by engaging stakeholders within local settings. This study will address a critical gap in breast cancer care in Ethiopia by facilitating early detection, timely diagnosis, and care. Moreover, the findings will generate practical insights and scalable approaches that can inform policymakers and be expanded nationally by integrating them into the conventional healthcare system and tailoring them for other low-resource settings facing comparable issues.
Implementation process Our implementation will follow the following five steps of implementation mapping design Step 1: Conduct a needs assessment The first step is conducting a thorough assessment using the CFIR framework to gather general information on the health care infrastructure and workforce, opportunities, and challenges from the perspectives of stakeholders by conducting initial health facility surveys, IDIs, and FGDs.
Step 2: Identify adoption and implementation outcomes, performance objectives, performance determinants, and change objectives In this step, the investigators will identify the potential adoption and implementation outcomes, performance objectives, performance determinants, and change objectives based on our formative assessment findings Step 3: Select and Design Implementation Strategies
In the third step, the investigators identified the following key implementation strategies that address the specific needs of receivers and implementers within the local context:
1. Training healthcare providers in CBE and PN; the investigators will provide comprehensive training for HCPs on CBE and PN using practical demonstrations and role-playing scenarios to enhance their knowledge and skills.
2. Integrating the initiative into routine clinical workflows: the clinical staff working in the hospitals will be oriented to link eligible women to navigators\& those who present with breast complaints to the trained breast nurses for CBE \& navigation service. We will make all the eligibility criteria and educational materials accessible to all clinical staff and ensure that the initiative becomes a routine part of care.
3. Provider engagement and incentives; Incentive mechanisms that encourage participation in training and the adoption of CBE \& PN practices will be developed. This includes recognition awards, professional development opportunities, and financial incentives based on performance metrics.
4. Community engagement and awareness; the investigators will develop awareness creation programs within the hospitals (Morning health education in waiting areas) and community settings using posters, brochures, and social media to educate the public about the importance of breast cancer screening and early detection. Breast cancer survivors, community HEWs, and key informants will be involved to advocate for breast health and screening.
5. Intervention delivery: The navigators will identify eligible women for CBE on each day among the hospital attendants and invite them to undergo a CBE screening at the surgical referral clinic (SRC) with the help of the surgeon. Clinical staff will also identify eligible women from their daily contacts and advice, and link women to the trained nurse for CBE screening. The screening will be held every day at each site. A screening card will be given to the screened women with the date of last screening and the date when the next screening will be. The navigators will have direct communication with clinical staff daily. Navigators will contact referred patients by phone within 2 days of referral, collect baseline data, provide counselling on follow-up and undergoing further evaluation, give date for follow-up within 14 days of referral, send SMS reminder to patient 3 and 1 days before scheduled follow-up, follow-up on whether patient presented for first evaluation at diagnostic center, follow-up 45 days post-referral to check whether patient has completed all recommended testing, keep records of patients' progress until evaluation of breast (confirmed diagnosis) is complete. The navigator will have communications with the referral center to assist her until she finishes all the diagnoses. Local community HEWs will be used to trace women in case access by phone is difficult. The Redcap database will be used to track patient progress and to generate reports that support navigators' and screener's workflow.
6. Monitoring and Feedback: A structured follow-up tool will be developed to track key performance indicators (KPIs) such as the number of CBEs performed, referrals made, and time to diagnosis recorded through the RedCap database. The supervisory team will hold weekly meetings with the providers and monthly onsite supervisions to monitor the progress and ensure adherence to the protocol. Daily feedback will be provided to providers on their performance to encourage continuous improvement.
7. Collaboration with stakeholders; stakeholders at local and national levels, including the regional and MOH officials, local NGOs, hospital leaders, patients, HEWs, and research and academic institutions, will be involved.
8. Addressing barriers to care; a dedicated healthcare professional (trained breast nurses) will be assigned to identify barriers and to guide patients through the healthcare system
9. Sustainability planning; the intervention is being implemented according to the newly launched national breast health guideline recommendations. Ongoing training and support for providers will be planned for the long-term integration of the intervention into routine practice.
Step 4: Produce Implementation Protocols and Materials. In this step, a set of necessary protocols \& materials will be developed. This includes health education materials (audio visuals, posters, brochures), follow-up data collection tools, registration log books, screening tickets, HCP training manuals, CBE and PN SOPs, consent forms, patient navigation tracking forms, referral logbooks, post-intervention assessment tools, observation checklists, monitoring and evaluation tools.
Step 5: Evaluation of implementation outcomes In this step, a RE-AIM framework will be used to evaluate the impact of the intervention on improving each of the adoption and implementation outcomes. Surveys and interviews will be conducted with HCPs and patients to understand their perceptions and experiences with the intervention using each domain of the RE-AIM framework.
The investigators hypothesized that implementing provider-initiated (CBE) and PN would improve the screening uptake, timely diagnosis, and linkage to treatment for breast cancer at general hospitals in Ethiopia. The intervention will be implemented based on the recently launched national breast health guideline, which recommends using CBE and PN services with effective referral pathways. This combined approach aligns with the WHO's GBCI, aiming to reduce mortality through early detection and comprehensive care, and is particularly suited to Ethiopia.
The investigators aimed to use the Implementation Mapping framework, a systematic, step-by-step methodology used to guide the development of implementation strategies that enhance the adoption, execution, and sustainability of evidence-based interventions by engaging stakeholders within local settings. This study will address a critical gap in breast cancer care in Ethiopia by facilitating early detection, timely diagnosis, and care. Moreover, the findings will generate practical insights and scalable approaches that can inform policymakers and be expanded nationally by integrating them into the conventional healthcare system and tailoring them for other low-resource settings facing comparable issues.
Implementation process Our implementation will follow the following five steps of implementation mapping design Step 1: Conduct a needs assessment The first step is conducting a thorough assessment using the CFIR framework to gather general information on the health care infrastructure and workforce, opportunities, and challenges from the perspectives of stakeholders by conducting initial health facility surveys, IDIs, and FGDs.
Step 2: Identify adoption and implementation outcomes, performance objectives, performance determinants, and change objectives In this step, the investigators will identify the potential adoption and implementation outcomes, performance objectives, performance determinants, and change objectives based on our formative assessment findings Step 3: Select and Design Implementation Strategies
In the third step, the investigators identified the following key implementation strategies that address the specific needs of receivers and implementers within the local context:
1. Training healthcare providers in CBE and PN; the investigators will provide comprehensive training for HCPs on CBE and PN using practical demonstrations and role-playing scenarios to enhance their knowledge and skills.
2. Integrating the initiative into routine clinical workflows: the clinical staff working in the hospitals will be oriented to link eligible women to navigators\& those who present with breast complaints to the trained breast nurses for CBE \& navigation service. We will make all the eligibility criteria and educational materials accessible to all clinical staff and ensure that the initiative becomes a routine part of care.
3. Provider engagement and incentives; Incentive mechanisms that encourage participation in training and the adoption of CBE \& PN practices will be developed. This includes recognition awards, professional development opportunities, and financial incentives based on performance metrics.
4. Community engagement and awareness; the investigators will develop awareness creation programs within the hospitals (Morning health education in waiting areas) and community settings using posters, brochures, and social media to educate the public about the importance of breast cancer screening and early detection. Breast cancer survivors, community HEWs, and key informants will be involved to advocate for breast health and screening.
5. Intervention delivery: The navigators will identify eligible women for CBE on each day among the hospital attendants and invite them to undergo a CBE screening at the surgical referral clinic (SRC) with the help of the surgeon. Clinical staff will also identify eligible women from their daily contacts and advice, and link women to the trained nurse for CBE screening. The screening will be held every day at each site. A screening card will be given to the screened women with the date of last screening and the date when the next screening will be. The navigators will have direct communication with clinical staff daily. Navigators will contact referred patients by phone within 2 days of referral, collect baseline data, provide counselling on follow-up and undergoing further evaluation, give date for follow-up within 14 days of referral, send SMS reminder to patient 3 and 1 days before scheduled follow-up, follow-up on whether patient presented for first evaluation at diagnostic center, follow-up 45 days post-referral to check whether patient has completed all recommended testing, keep records of patients' progress until evaluation of breast (confirmed diagnosis) is complete. The navigator will have communications with the referral center to assist her until she finishes all the diagnoses. Local community HEWs will be used to trace women in case access by phone is difficult. The Redcap database will be used to track patient progress and to generate reports that support navigators' and screener's workflow.
6. Monitoring and Feedback: A structured follow-up tool will be developed to track key performance indicators (KPIs) such as the number of CBEs performed, referrals made, and time to diagnosis recorded through the RedCap database. The supervisory team will hold weekly meetings with the providers and monthly onsite supervisions to monitor the progress and ensure adherence to the protocol. Daily feedback will be provided to providers on their performance to encourage continuous improvement.
7. Collaboration with stakeholders; stakeholders at local and national levels, including the regional and MOH officials, local NGOs, hospital leaders, patients, HEWs, and research and academic institutions, will be involved.
8. Addressing barriers to care; a dedicated healthcare professional (trained breast nurses) will be assigned to identify barriers and to guide patients through the healthcare system
9. Sustainability planning; the intervention is being implemented according to the newly launched national breast health guideline recommendations. Ongoing training and support for providers will be planned for the long-term integration of the intervention into routine practice.
Step 4: Produce Implementation Protocols and Materials. In this step, a set of necessary protocols \& materials will be developed. This includes health education materials (audio visuals, posters, brochures), follow-up data collection tools, registration log books, screening tickets, HCP training manuals, CBE and PN SOPs, consent forms, patient navigation tracking forms, referral logbooks, post-intervention assessment tools, observation checklists, monitoring and evaluation tools.
Step 5: Evaluation of implementation outcomes In this step, a RE-AIM framework will be used to evaluate the impact of the intervention on improving each of the adoption and implementation outcomes. Surveys and interviews will be conducted with HCPs and patients to understand their perceptions and experiences with the intervention using each domain of the RE-AIM framework.
Conditions
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Breast Cancer
Study Design
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Allocation Method
NA
Intervention Model
SINGLE_GROUP
An implementation mapping study will be conducted which is a process framework that provides a systematic, five-step approach to select and evaluate implementation strategies to bring an evidence-based intervention. This design includes: 1) conducting a needs assessment, (2) identify adoption and implementation outcomes, performance objectives, performance determinants, and change objectives), (3) select \& design implementation strategies, (4) produce implementation protocols and materials and (5) evaluate implementation outcomes (1). The RE-AIM framework will also be used to evaluate the implementation process and outcome. It is a comprehensive model designed to evaluate and enhance the impact of health interventions, by considering individual and organizational factors that influence the success of health interventions
Primary Study Purpose
SCREENING
Blinding Strategy
NONE
Study Groups
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Clinical breast examination and navigation
Nurses will be trained on clinical breast examination techniques and navigation to routinely offer CBE to eligible women and to support women with suspicious findings until compilation of diagnosis and Initiation of breast cancer treatment
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Clinical breast examination and Navigation
Intervention Type
OTHER
trained nurses on clinical breast examination and navigation will provide screening for all eligible women and they will follow those women who will have suspicious breast lesions until they have completed their final diagnosis of breast cancer and initiation of breast cancer treatment
Interventions
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Clinical breast examination and Navigation
trained nurses on clinical breast examination and navigation will provide screening for all eligible women and they will follow those women who will have suspicious breast lesions until they have completed their final diagnosis of breast cancer and initiation of breast cancer treatment
Intervention Type
OTHER
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Women agedâ„30 years old and presenting to the study hospitals, including attendants, women presenting for various health services, such as outpatient care, maternal and child health services, or other health needs
* Women presented to the general hospitals with any breast abnormalities
* Women with suspicious breast lesions who will be referred from primary health facilities to general hospitals
* Women presented to the general hospitals with any breast abnormalities
* Women with suspicious breast lesions who will be referred from primary health facilities to general hospitals
Exclusion Criteria
* Women screened for breast cancer in the past year
* Women who have been treated for breast cancer in the past year and males will be excluded
* Women who have been treated for breast cancer in the past year and males will be excluded
Minimum Eligible Age
30 Years
Eligible Sex
FEMALE
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Sponsors
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Martin-Luther-UniversitÀt Halle-Wittenberg
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Addis Ababa University
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Aragaw Tesfaw
Assistant professor
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Locations
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Butajira, Saint Lukas, Bishoftu, and Halaba kulito hospitals
Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Site Status
Countries
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Ethiopia
References
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Pace LE, Dusengimana JV, Keating NL, Hategekimana V, Rugema V, Bigirimana JB, Costas-Chavarri A, Umwizera A, Park PH, Shulman LN, Mpunga T. Impact of Breast Cancer Early Detection Training on Rwandan Health Workers' Knowledge and Skills. J Glob Oncol. 2018 Sep;4:1-10. doi: 10.1200/JGO.17.00098.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Hoffman HJ, LaVerda NL, Young HA, Levine PH, Alexander LM, Brem R, Caicedo L, Eng-Wong J, Frederick W, Funderburk W, Huerta E, Swain S, Patierno SR. Patient navigation significantly reduces delays in breast cancer diagnosis in the District of Columbia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012 Oct;21(10):1655-63. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0479.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rabe F, Getachew S, Stroetmann CY, Mezger NCS, Gebremariam TY, Berhane B, Mremi A, Mmbaga BT, Boucheron P, McCormack V, Santos P, Addissie A, Kantelhardt EJ. Time to pathologic diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions: An institution-based study in five Ethiopian hospitals. Int J Cancer. 2025 Sep 1;157(5):876-889. doi: 10.1002/ijc.35436. Epub 2025 Apr 10.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rohsig V, Silva P, Teixeira R, Lorenzini E, Maestri R, Saraiva T, Souza A. Nurse Navigation Program: Outcomes From a Breast Cancer Center in Brazil. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2019 Feb 1;23(1):E25-E31. doi: 10.1188/19.CJON.E25-E31.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Khanna AS, Brickman B, Cronin M, Bergeron NQ, Scheel JR, Hibdon J, Calhoun EA, Watson KS, Strayhorn SM, Molina Y. Patient Navigation Can Improve Breast Cancer Outcomes among African American Women in Chicago: Insights from a Modeling Study. J Urban Health. 2022 Oct;99(5):813-828. doi: 10.1007/s11524-022-00669-9. Epub 2022 Aug 8.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thara S, Muwonge R, Prabhakar J, Augustine P, Venugopal M, Anju G, Mathew BS. Clinical breast examination: preliminary results from a cluster randomized controlled trial in India. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Oct 5;103(19):1476-80. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djr304. Epub 2011 Aug 23.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Provencher L, Hogue JC, Desbiens C, Poirier B, Poirier E, Boudreau D, Joyal M, Diorio C, Duchesne N, Chiquette J. Is clinical breast examination important for breast cancer detection? Curr Oncol. 2016 Aug;23(4):e332-9. doi: 10.3747/co.23.2881. Epub 2016 Aug 12.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Fuller MS, Lee CI, Elmore JG. Breast cancer screening: an evidence-based update. Med Clin North Am. 2015 May;99(3):451-68. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.002. Epub 2015 Mar 5.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Anderson BO, Ilbawi AM, Fidarova E, Weiderpass E, Stevens L, Abdel-Wahab M, Mikkelsen B. The Global Breast Cancer Initiative: a strategic collaboration to strengthen health care for non-communicable diseases. Lancet Oncol. 2021 May;22(5):578-581. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00071-1. Epub 2021 Mar 7. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Dye TD, Bogale S, Hobden C, Tilahun Y, Hechter V, Deressa T, Bize M, Reeler A. Complex care systems in developing countries: breast cancer patient navigation in Ethiopia. Cancer. 2010 Feb 1;116(3):577-85. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24776.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Trabitzsch J, Wondimagegnehu A, Afework T, Stoeter O, Gizaw M, Getachew S, Feyisa JD, Taylor L, Wienke A, Addissie A, Kantelhardt EJ. Pathways and Referral of Patients with Cancer in Rural Ethiopia: A Multi-center Retrospective Cohort Study. Oncologist. 2023 Jun 2;28(6):e359-e368. doi: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad032.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Shita A, Yalew AW, Seife E, Afework T, Tesfaw A, Gufue ZH, Rabe F, Taylor L, Kantelhardt EJ, Getachew S. Survival and predictors of breast cancer mortality in South Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2023 Mar 6;18(3):e0282746. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282746. eCollection 2023.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Tesfaw A, Getachew S, Addissie A, Jemal A, Wienke A, Taylor L, Kantelhardt EJ. Late-Stage Diagnosis and Associated Factors Among Breast Cancer Patients in South and Southwest Ethiopia: A Multicenter Study. Clin Breast Cancer. 2021 Feb;21(1):e112-e119. doi: 10.1016/j.clbc.2020.08.011. Epub 2020 Oct 1.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Joko-Fru WY, Miranda-Filho A, Soerjomataram I, Egue M, Akele-Akpo MT, N'da G, Assefa M, Buziba N, Korir A, Kamate B, Traore C, Manraj S, Lorenzoni C, Carrilho C, Hansen R, Finesse A, Somdyala N, Wabinga H, Chingonzoh T, Borok M, Chokunonga E, Liu B, Kantelhardt E, McGale P, Parkin DM. Breast cancer survival in sub-Saharan Africa by age, stage at diagnosis and human development index: A population-based registry study. Int J Cancer. 2020 Mar 1;146(5):1208-1218. doi: 10.1002/ijc.32406. Epub 2019 Jun 14.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Geremew H, Golla EB, Simegn MB, Abate A, Ali MA, Kumbi H, Wondie SG, Mengstie MA, Tilahun WM. Late-stage diagnosis: The driving force behind high breast cancer mortality in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2024 Jul 19;19(7):e0307283. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307283. eCollection 2024.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024 May-Jun;74(3):229-263. doi: 10.3322/caac.21834. Epub 2024 Apr 4.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
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81301031
Identifier Type: OTHER_GRANT
Identifier Source: secondary_id
Protocol No.034/24/SPH
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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