Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
32 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2025-01-15
2025-05-25
Brief Summary
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The main questions it aimed to answer were:
Did yoga reduce menstrual pain and symptom severity?
Did yoga improve sleep quality and aerobic endurance?
Researchers compared a yoga intervention group to a control group to determine whether the yoga program led to improvements in these outcomes.
Participants:
Were randomly assigned to either a yoga group or a control group
Completed assessments of menstrual pain (VAS), menstrual symptoms (Menstrual Symptom Scale), sleep quality (Sleep Diary), and aerobic endurance (Incremental Shuttle Walk Test and Endurance Shuttle Walk Test)
In the intervention group, attended 50-minute yoga sessions twice a week for three menstrual cycles
Participants in the control group were offered the same yoga program after the study period.
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Detailed Description
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This randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effects of an 8-week structured yoga program on aerobic endurance, sleep quality, menstrual pain, and menstrual symptom severity in young women with primary dysmenorrhea.
A total of 32 female participants, aged 18-25 years, who had reported primary dysmenorrhea with menstrual pain intensity greater than 40 mm on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for at least the past 6 months, were recruited and randomly assigned to either a yoga intervention group (n = 16) or a control group (n = 16). Participants were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling methods via social media and community announcements. Exclusion criteria included regular physical exercise, irregular menstrual cycles, pregnancy, prior childbirth, pelvic surgery, or use of hormonal or psychiatric medications.
The yoga program was delivered twice weekly in 50-minute sessions for 8 weeks (across three menstrual cycles). It included:
Asanas (postures) targeting flexibility and pelvic mobility
Pranayama (breathing exercises) aimed at autonomic regulation
Relaxation and mindfulness components to reduce stress and improve sleep
All participants underwent assessments at three timepoints (baseline, after menstrual cycle 1, and after menstrual cycle 3), specifically during the first 3 days of their menstruation.
Outcome Measures:
Pain intensity: assessed via Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Menstrual symptoms: evaluated using the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ)
Attitudes toward menstruation: measured through the Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire (MAQ)
Sleep quality: assessed with a Sleep Diary, capturing both quantitative sleep parameters and subjective quality
Aerobic endurance: measured using two field tests:
Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) - to evaluate maximum aerobic capacity
Endurance Shuttle Walk Test (ESWT) - to assess submaximal endurance at 70-85% VO₂peak
Each test included pre- and post-assessment of vital signs (heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure) and perceived exertion (Modified Borg Scale). Testing was stopped according to safety thresholds (e.g., failure to match the pace, HR \>85% max, or participant-reported symptoms).
The primary hypothesis was that the yoga group would show statistically significant improvements in sleep quality and aerobic endurance, and reductions in menstrual pain and symptom severity, compared to the control group.
This study aimed to contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting yoga as a safe, accessible, and non-invasive strategy to manage primary dysmenorrhea and its associated physical and psychological burdens in young women. The findings may have implications for broader implementation in university and workplace settings to support menstrual and general well-being.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Yoga Intervention
Participants in this group received a structured yoga program consisting of 50-minute sessions, twice per week, over three menstrual cycles.
Yoga Exercise Program
Participants in the intervention group received a structured yoga-based exercise program consisting of 50-minute sessions, conducted twice per week over a period of approximately 10-12 weeks (three menstrual cycles). The program was based on Hatha Yoga principles
Control Group
Participants in this group received no intervention during the study period but were offered the yoga program after completion of the study.
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Yoga Exercise Program
Participants in the intervention group received a structured yoga-based exercise program consisting of 50-minute sessions, conducted twice per week over a period of approximately 10-12 weeks (three menstrual cycles). The program was based on Hatha Yoga principles
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Regular menstrual cycles (28 ± 7 days)
* History of primary dysmenorrhea for at least the past 6 months
* Menstrual pain intensity ≥40 mm on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) during menstruation
* No history of childbirth
* Voluntarily agreed to participate and provided informed consent
Exclusion Criteria
* Use of hormonal treatments, contraceptives, or antidepressant medications
* Irregular menstrual cycles
* Pregnancy or history of childbirth
* Diagnosis of chronic pain due to other causes (e.g., fibromyalgia, endometriosis)
* Regular engagement in physical exercise or yoga practice in the past 3 months
* Any condition that may contraindicate moderate-intensity physical activity
18 Years
25 Years
FEMALE
Yes
Sponsors
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Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Seda Uluşahin
PT PhD
Principal Investigators
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Seda Bicici Ulusahin
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi
Locations
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Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi
Ankara, , Turkey (Türkiye)
Countries
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References
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Freedman G. Buyers' guide to dental lasers. Lasers entering into the mainstream of dentistry. Dent Today. 2008 Dec;27(12):92, 94, 96 passim. No abstract available.
Bera TK, Rajapurkar MV. Body composition, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power of yogic practitioner. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1993 Jul;37(3):225-8.
Divya TS, Vijayalakshmi MT, Mini K, Asish K, Pushpalatha M, Suresh V. Cardiopulmonary and Metabolic Effects of Yoga in Healthy Volunteers. Int J Yoga. 2017 Sep-Dec;10(3):115-120. doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.186162.
Lopes TR, Pereira HM, Bittencourt LRA, Silva BM. How much does sleep deprivation impair endurance performance? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci. 2023 Jul;23(7):1279-1292. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2155583. Epub 2022 Dec 15.
Aboagye E, Karlsson ML, Hagberg J, Jensen I. Cost-effectiveness of early interventions for non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled study investigating medical yoga, exercise therapy and self-care advice. J Rehabil Med. 2015 Feb;47(2):167-73. doi: 10.2340/16501977-1910.
Rani M, Singh U, Agrawal GG, Natu SM, Kala S, Ghildiyal A, Srivastava N. Impact of Yoga Nidra on menstrual abnormalities in females of reproductive age. J Altern Complement Med. 2013 Dec;19(12):925-9. doi: 10.1089/acm.2010.0676. Epub 2013 May 6.
Sakuma Y, Sasaki-Otomaru A, Ishida S, Kanoya Y, Arakawa C, Mochizuki Y, Seiishi Y, Sato C. Effect of a home-based simple yoga program in child-care workers: a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2012 Aug;18(8):769-76. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0080. Epub 2012 Jul 18.
Yang NY, Kim SD. Effects of a Yoga Program on Menstrual Cramps and Menstrual Distress in Undergraduate Students with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2016 Sep;22(9):732-8. doi: 10.1089/acm.2016.0058. Epub 2016 Jun 17.
Chien LW, Chang HC, Liu CF. Effect of yoga on serum homocysteine and nitric oxide levels in adolescent women with and without dysmenorrhea. J Altern Complement Med. 2013 Jan;19(1):20-3. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0113. Epub 2012 Sep 10.
Proctor M, Farquhar C. Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea. BMJ. 2006 May 13;332(7550):1134-8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1134. No abstract available.
Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Hum Reprod Update. 2015 Nov-Dec;21(6):762-78. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmv039. Epub 2015 Sep 7.
Dawood MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Aug;108(2):428-41. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c.
Ju H, Jones M, Mishra G. The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea. Epidemiol Rev. 2014;36:104-13. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxt009. Epub 2013 Nov 26.
Other Identifiers
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2024-510
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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