Interval Training and Electromagnetic Therapy on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Diabetic Elderly
NCT ID: NCT06974435
Last Updated: 2025-05-16
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
100 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2024-09-01
2025-04-06
Brief Summary
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Methods: One hundred patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly allocated into four groups: group A (received moderate intensity interval training+low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy; n=25), group-B (received low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy only; n=25), group C (received moderate intensity interval training only; n=25), and (control group; no intervention; n=25). Treatment programs for groups A, B, and C were in the form of twice-weekly sessions for 8 weeks. Variables were evaluated at the beginning and the end of the study. The cardiovascular disease risk (evaluated using the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease risk estimator plus tool, Framingham Cardiovascular Disease risk estimation tool, and the mean arterial pressure methods). Lower extremity functioning was evaluated using the Short Physical Performance Battery. Within and between-subjects statistical comparisons were performed to test the hypothesis (to test whether the combined application of moderate intensity interval training+low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy is effective in improving the cardiovascular disease risk and lower limbs functional status in ethe lderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus), A P-value of \<0.05 was considered significant.
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Detailed Description
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The Lower limb diabetes-related complications are common and usually associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Diabetes mellitus contributes significantly to the development of peripheral vascular disorders, ischemia, and even amputation. A strong correlation exists between Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, about 44% and 52% of deaths in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively, are due to cardiovascular disease. Diabetes mellitus magnifies the chance of dying from cardiovascular disorders by two to four times in patients with diabetes compared to those without diabetes. This fact highlights the importance of introducing cardiovascular disease risk-reduction strategies in the management programs.
Furthermore, cardiovascular disease risk is proportionally increased and correlated with the hyperglycemia status even before diabetes diagnosis. The existence of other factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity, accelerates the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. So, early identification and management of cardiovascular disease risk is a major concern during diabetes mellitus management. Diabetes mellitus is tightly correlated as a causative agent to peripheral circulatory disturbances, limb ischemia, and even amputation. Early and proper management of the diabetes-related lower limb abnormalities is crucial for minimizing complications and dysfunction.
Moderate to high-intensity interval training is commonly included in the management programs for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies demonstrated favorable effects of exercise training on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus. Physical training can improve cardiopulmonary and metabolic variables that, in turn, can ameliorate complications' progression and improve disease prognosis.
Engagement in regular physical training can significantly reduce the cardiovascular disease risk. An increase of weekly activity hours by 11.25 metabolic equivalents can reduce cardiovascular disease mortality by 23%. Increased physical activity has a positive impact on cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, metabolic, and psychosocial function in patients with DM, resulting in a lower mortality rate.
Low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy has beneficial and prognostic impacts on metabolic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus due to its favorable, vasoactive, neuro-stimulatory, and analgesic effects. Studies clarified favorable effects of therapeutic pulsed electromagnetic field application on different musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A Recent study demonstrated significant effects of cross-over application of the electromagnetic field therapy and interval exercise training on the balance and peripheral vascular status in patients with diabetes mellitus.
To our knowledge and recent literature, no study has investigated the effects of combined application of both interval training and low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on cardiovascular disease risk and lower extremity function in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Group-A (interval training and electromagnetic therapy group; n=25)
Group A: received moderate intensity interval training in addition to low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. The treatment program was in the form of twice-weekly sessions for 8 weeks, in addition to medical treatment.
Interval training and electromagnetic therapy
Combined application of moderate intensity interval training and low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy, in addition to pharmacotherapy.
Group-B (electromagnetic therapy group; n=25)
Group B: received low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy only. The treatment program was in the form of twice-weekly sessions for 8 weeks, in addition to medical treatment.
Electromagnetic therapy
Application of low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy, in addition to pharmacotherapy.
Group-C (interval training group; n=25)
Group C: received moderate intensity interval training. The treatment program was in the form of twice-weekly sessions for 8 weeks, in addition to medical treatment.
Interval exercise training
Application of moderate intensity interval training, in addition to pharmacotherapy.
Control group (Group; No-intervention group)
Control group (Group; No-intervention group): received only the medical treatment.
Control group (No intervention group)
Only Pharmacotherapy.
Interventions
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Interval training and electromagnetic therapy
Combined application of moderate intensity interval training and low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy, in addition to pharmacotherapy.
Interval exercise training
Application of moderate intensity interval training, in addition to pharmacotherapy.
Electromagnetic therapy
Application of low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy, in addition to pharmacotherapy.
Control group (No intervention group)
Only Pharmacotherapy.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* Glycosylated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5%.
* Receiving oral anti-diabetic medications only.
* Cognitively competent and able to understand and follow instructions.
Exclusion Criteria
* Diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.
* Included in an active exercise training or physiotherapy program within the last 6 months.
* With serious cardiac insults as myocardial infarction, lower limbs metal implants (internal fixation).
65 Years
75 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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Umm Al-Qura University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Ashraf Abdelaal
Associate Professor
Principal Investigators
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ASHRAF AM ABDELAAL, Ph.D.
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Associate Professor
Locations
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Umm Al-Qura University
Mecca, , Saudi Arabia
Countries
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Other Identifiers
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HAPO-02-K-012-2022-03-997
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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