Glycine and Magnesium+Thiamine for the Treatment of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
NCT ID: NCT06959251
Last Updated: 2025-11-25
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
RECRUITING
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
60 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2025-10-02
Study Completion Date
2028-03-31
Brief Summary
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* Patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) have trouble with clearing their bronchi from mucus, which in the long-term may produce severe damage to the lungs. Currently, there is no specific treatment for PCD beyond supportive measures such as airway hydration and postural drainage.
* Glycine is an amino acid with anti-inflammatory properties that proved to be beneficial in another disease with problematic airway clearance, cystic fibrosis.
* Magnesium participates in many crucial chemical reactions, including some that might favor fluidification and mobilization of mucus. Thiamine (vitamin B1) co-participates with magnesium in some mitochondrial enzymatic reactions occurring in the citric acid cycle.
* Thus, oral supplements of glycine and magnesium+thiamine might improve symptoms and lung function of patients with PCD, and these effects may even be better if these supplements are combined.
* In this study, in addition to their usual care, patients with PCD will receive for 6 months one of the following treatments: 1) an oral supplement of 0.5 g/kg/day glycine, 2) an oral supplement of up to 400 mg/day elementary magnesium plus up to 10 mg/day thiamine, according to the subject's age, 3) glycine plus magnesium+thiamine supplements, as described, or 4) a placebo, which is an inert substance. All treatments will be administered as a whitish powder contained in similar bottles.
* The investigators will evaluate whether glycine and/or magnesium+thiamine reduce exacerbations of the disease, improve pulmonary function and quality of life, and reduce some pro-inflammatory compounds measured in saliva.
* Glycine is an amino acid with anti-inflammatory properties that proved to be beneficial in another disease with problematic airway clearance, cystic fibrosis.
* Magnesium participates in many crucial chemical reactions, including some that might favor fluidification and mobilization of mucus. Thiamine (vitamin B1) co-participates with magnesium in some mitochondrial enzymatic reactions occurring in the citric acid cycle.
* Thus, oral supplements of glycine and magnesium+thiamine might improve symptoms and lung function of patients with PCD, and these effects may even be better if these supplements are combined.
* In this study, in addition to their usual care, patients with PCD will receive for 6 months one of the following treatments: 1) an oral supplement of 0.5 g/kg/day glycine, 2) an oral supplement of up to 400 mg/day elementary magnesium plus up to 10 mg/day thiamine, according to the subject's age, 3) glycine plus magnesium+thiamine supplements, as described, or 4) a placebo, which is an inert substance. All treatments will be administered as a whitish powder contained in similar bottles.
* The investigators will evaluate whether glycine and/or magnesium+thiamine reduce exacerbations of the disease, improve pulmonary function and quality of life, and reduce some pro-inflammatory compounds measured in saliva.
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Detailed Description
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Background Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is characterized by ciliary dysfunction causing mucus accumulation in the airways that favors recurrent infections and bronchiectasis. Apart from general airway clearance, few therapeutic alternatives exist for PCD, and these are usually derived from experiences obtained from other lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Among the few clinical trials focused on PCD, the use of azithromycin for 6 months decreased the number of respiratory exacerbations, but with little or no impact on lung function or quality of life. Likewise, although useful in cystic fibrosis, inhalation of hypertonic saline and oral administration of N-acetylcysteine did not improve respiratory symptoms in patients with PCD. Therefore, it is urgent to find therapeutic approaches that prevent respiratory exacerbations, improve quality of life and, ideally, improve lung function. A lot of scientific literature supports the potential beneficial effect of glycine and/or magnesium+thiamine supplements in patients with PCD, as described below. Thus, in this study the investigators will evaluate the effect of glycine and magnesium+thiamine supplementation, alone or combined, in patients with PCD.
Characteristics of glycine Glycine is a non-essential and the simplest amino acid. Physically, it is a whitish powder with a sweet taste, soluble in water and relatively inexpensive (approximately $27 dollars per kg). Aside from participating in protein composition, glycine is an agonist for its own specific receptors (GlyR), which are chloride channels that cause membrane hyperpolarization. In excitable cells such as neurons, glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, while in other cells such as Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, this amino acid reduces the sensitivity to proinflammatory stimuli. This stabilizing effect on inflammatory cells has been corroborated in several studies. For example, glycine decreases the expression and levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 in mouse adipose tissue and prevents the production of TNF-α and superoxide anion in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated alveolar macrophages, as well as TNF-α and IL-6 in 3T3-L1 cells, probably through the inhibition of IKK-α/β and, therefore, of NF-kB phosphorylation. In animal models of endotoxic shock, glycine protects from structural damage and decreases neutrophilic inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine production, probably through inhibition of NF-kB and NLRP3, as well as restoration of NRF2. Recently, in a controlled, crossover clinical trial the investigators administered 0.5 g/kg/day of glycine orally for 8 weeks to children with cystic fibrosis (Vargas et al. BMC Pulm Med 2017;17(1):206. doi: 10.1186/s12890-017-0528-x). This study demonstrated that glycine induced an improvement in clinical and spirometric variables, as well as a decrease in serum TNF-α and a trend towards a decrease in IL-6 and G-CSF. In this and many other studies, oral glycine was virtually devoid of adverse effects.
Possible role of magnesium and thiamine in PCD Epidemiological studies have shown that hypomagnesemia is highly prevalent in the general population, even among self-reported healthy individuals, being as high as 30%. This can be explained by several factors, including Western-type diet, decreased concentration of magnesium in vegetables, use of medications that decrease the intestinal absorption of magnesium or favor its renal elimination, and genetic variants of magnesium transport proteins. Therefore, in patients with PCD, it is expected that at least a similar percentage have a magnesium deficiency. In humans, magnesium is an indispensable element for the proper functioning of at least 300 enzymes involved in vital processes, including those involved in relevant intracellular signaling pathways, for example, kinases (which phosphorylate substrates from ATP-Mg2+), adenylate cyclase (which generates the second messenger cyclic AMP) and G proteins (key GTPases in intracellular signaling of many receptors). Therefore, a relative magnesium deficiency could affect the function of virtually any tissue. In addition, it has been shown that the activity of exogenous rhDNase or endogenous DNases require magnesium in the microenvironment. On the other hand, magnesium is an indispensable cofactor for ATP (ATP-Mg2+) to be utilized by the ATPase domain of dynein and to generate the ciliary beating movement. Therefore, magnesium is important also for mucous fluidification and ciliary functioning. Finally, one of the most relevant metabolic pathways where magnesium is essential is the citric acid cycle, which is the main energy (ATP) generator in the mitochondria, since it is a cofactor of pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and branched-chain keto amino acid dehydrogenase, as well as other related enzymes such as transketolase and 2-hydroxyacyl CoA lyase. It is important to note that in addition to magnesium, all these enzymes also require thiamine diphosphate, so that the deficiency of either cofactor (magnesium and thiamine) leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. This is particularly relevant in PCD because proper mitochondrial function is essential for the formation and functioning of cilia.
Hypothesis
1. In patients with PCD, glycine or magnesium+thiamine supplementation for 6 months will be associated with a 25% decrease in the number of respiratory exacerbations compared to placebo.
2. In patients with PCD, combined glycine and magnesium+thiamine supplements for 6 months will be associated with a 50% decrease in the number of respiratory exacerbations compared to placebo.
Major objective To evaluate the effect of glycine and magnesium+thiamine supplements, alone or combined, administered for 6 months to patients with PCD on the number of respiratory exacerbations.
Secondary objectives
To evaluate the effect of glycine and magnesium+thiamine supplements, alone or combined, administered for 6 months to patients with PCD on:
1. Quality of life (questionnaire of the Spanish version of the QOL-PCD, as well as some questions on possible side effects).
2. Growth and development (weight-for-height, height-for-age, BMI).
3. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2).
4. Pulmonary function tests (nasal nitric oxide, oscillometry, multiple breath nitrogen washout, spirometry, 6-min walking test).
5. Biomarkers in saliva (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MPO).
Description of the study The study will be carried out at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), located in Mexico City. Once an informed consent is signed by patients or their legal guardians, participants will be randomly allocated to one of four study arms: 1) glycine, 2) magnesium+thiamine, 3) glycine and magnesium+thiamine, 4) placebo. Glycine will be administered at a dose of 0.5 g/kg/day, up to a maximum of 25 g/day. The dose of magnesium will be 8 mg/kg/day of elementary magnesium administered as magnesium citrate, up to a maximum of 400 mg/day. The dose of thiamine will be 0.2 mg/kg/day administered as benfotiamine, up to a maximum of 10 mg/day. Patients or their legal guardians will be asked to fill out an online symptom questionnaire every week. At the initial visit and every 2 months the following maneuvers will be performed: inquiry about pulmonary exacerbations; weight and height measurements; physical examination; pulse oximetry; saliva sampling for measuring IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and albumin; nasal nitric oxide measurement; basal oscillometry; multiple breath nitrogen washout test; basal spirometry; post-salbutamol oscillometry and spirometry, 6-min walk test. In each visit, except for the final visit, a 500 g plastic bottle with a mixture of glycine, magnesium+thiamine, and/or placebo (sugar glass) powders, according to their assigned group, will be given to the patient or to the person at charge. All bottles will be identical in appearance.
Sample size Due to feasibility reasons, the investigators consider that the number of participants in each of the four groups will be n=15 (total n=60 patients).
Characteristics of glycine Glycine is a non-essential and the simplest amino acid. Physically, it is a whitish powder with a sweet taste, soluble in water and relatively inexpensive (approximately $27 dollars per kg). Aside from participating in protein composition, glycine is an agonist for its own specific receptors (GlyR), which are chloride channels that cause membrane hyperpolarization. In excitable cells such as neurons, glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, while in other cells such as Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, this amino acid reduces the sensitivity to proinflammatory stimuli. This stabilizing effect on inflammatory cells has been corroborated in several studies. For example, glycine decreases the expression and levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 in mouse adipose tissue and prevents the production of TNF-α and superoxide anion in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated alveolar macrophages, as well as TNF-α and IL-6 in 3T3-L1 cells, probably through the inhibition of IKK-α/β and, therefore, of NF-kB phosphorylation. In animal models of endotoxic shock, glycine protects from structural damage and decreases neutrophilic inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine production, probably through inhibition of NF-kB and NLRP3, as well as restoration of NRF2. Recently, in a controlled, crossover clinical trial the investigators administered 0.5 g/kg/day of glycine orally for 8 weeks to children with cystic fibrosis (Vargas et al. BMC Pulm Med 2017;17(1):206. doi: 10.1186/s12890-017-0528-x). This study demonstrated that glycine induced an improvement in clinical and spirometric variables, as well as a decrease in serum TNF-α and a trend towards a decrease in IL-6 and G-CSF. In this and many other studies, oral glycine was virtually devoid of adverse effects.
Possible role of magnesium and thiamine in PCD Epidemiological studies have shown that hypomagnesemia is highly prevalent in the general population, even among self-reported healthy individuals, being as high as 30%. This can be explained by several factors, including Western-type diet, decreased concentration of magnesium in vegetables, use of medications that decrease the intestinal absorption of magnesium or favor its renal elimination, and genetic variants of magnesium transport proteins. Therefore, in patients with PCD, it is expected that at least a similar percentage have a magnesium deficiency. In humans, magnesium is an indispensable element for the proper functioning of at least 300 enzymes involved in vital processes, including those involved in relevant intracellular signaling pathways, for example, kinases (which phosphorylate substrates from ATP-Mg2+), adenylate cyclase (which generates the second messenger cyclic AMP) and G proteins (key GTPases in intracellular signaling of many receptors). Therefore, a relative magnesium deficiency could affect the function of virtually any tissue. In addition, it has been shown that the activity of exogenous rhDNase or endogenous DNases require magnesium in the microenvironment. On the other hand, magnesium is an indispensable cofactor for ATP (ATP-Mg2+) to be utilized by the ATPase domain of dynein and to generate the ciliary beating movement. Therefore, magnesium is important also for mucous fluidification and ciliary functioning. Finally, one of the most relevant metabolic pathways where magnesium is essential is the citric acid cycle, which is the main energy (ATP) generator in the mitochondria, since it is a cofactor of pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and branched-chain keto amino acid dehydrogenase, as well as other related enzymes such as transketolase and 2-hydroxyacyl CoA lyase. It is important to note that in addition to magnesium, all these enzymes also require thiamine diphosphate, so that the deficiency of either cofactor (magnesium and thiamine) leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. This is particularly relevant in PCD because proper mitochondrial function is essential for the formation and functioning of cilia.
Hypothesis
1. In patients with PCD, glycine or magnesium+thiamine supplementation for 6 months will be associated with a 25% decrease in the number of respiratory exacerbations compared to placebo.
2. In patients with PCD, combined glycine and magnesium+thiamine supplements for 6 months will be associated with a 50% decrease in the number of respiratory exacerbations compared to placebo.
Major objective To evaluate the effect of glycine and magnesium+thiamine supplements, alone or combined, administered for 6 months to patients with PCD on the number of respiratory exacerbations.
Secondary objectives
To evaluate the effect of glycine and magnesium+thiamine supplements, alone or combined, administered for 6 months to patients with PCD on:
1. Quality of life (questionnaire of the Spanish version of the QOL-PCD, as well as some questions on possible side effects).
2. Growth and development (weight-for-height, height-for-age, BMI).
3. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2).
4. Pulmonary function tests (nasal nitric oxide, oscillometry, multiple breath nitrogen washout, spirometry, 6-min walking test).
5. Biomarkers in saliva (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MPO).
Description of the study The study will be carried out at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), located in Mexico City. Once an informed consent is signed by patients or their legal guardians, participants will be randomly allocated to one of four study arms: 1) glycine, 2) magnesium+thiamine, 3) glycine and magnesium+thiamine, 4) placebo. Glycine will be administered at a dose of 0.5 g/kg/day, up to a maximum of 25 g/day. The dose of magnesium will be 8 mg/kg/day of elementary magnesium administered as magnesium citrate, up to a maximum of 400 mg/day. The dose of thiamine will be 0.2 mg/kg/day administered as benfotiamine, up to a maximum of 10 mg/day. Patients or their legal guardians will be asked to fill out an online symptom questionnaire every week. At the initial visit and every 2 months the following maneuvers will be performed: inquiry about pulmonary exacerbations; weight and height measurements; physical examination; pulse oximetry; saliva sampling for measuring IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and albumin; nasal nitric oxide measurement; basal oscillometry; multiple breath nitrogen washout test; basal spirometry; post-salbutamol oscillometry and spirometry, 6-min walk test. In each visit, except for the final visit, a 500 g plastic bottle with a mixture of glycine, magnesium+thiamine, and/or placebo (sugar glass) powders, according to their assigned group, will be given to the patient or to the person at charge. All bottles will be identical in appearance.
Sample size Due to feasibility reasons, the investigators consider that the number of participants in each of the four groups will be n=15 (total n=60 patients).
Conditions
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Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Four arms, parallel design, placebo controlled.
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
DOUBLE
Participants
Caregivers
All study arms will receive similar bottles containing a whitish powder with the corresponding treatment.
Study Groups
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Glycine
Patients will receive for 6 months an oral supplement of 0.5 g/kg/day glycine, up to 25 g/day, divided in three daily intakes.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Glycine
Intervention Type
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Patients will receive for 6 months an oral supplement of 0.5 g/kg/day glycine, up to 25 g/day, divided in three daily intakes.
Magnesium+thiamine
Patients will receive for 6 months an oral supplement of up to 400 mg/day, according to age, of elementary magnesium (formulated as magnesium citrate) plus up to 10 mg/day of thiamine (formulated as benfotiamine), divided in three daily intakes.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Magnesium+thiamine
Intervention Type
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Patients will receive for 6 months an oral supplement of up to 400 mg/day, according to age, of elementary magnesium (formulated as magnesium citrate) plus up to 10 mg/day of thiamine (formulated as benfotiamine), divided in three daily intakes.
Glycine plus magnesium+thiamine
Patients will receive for 6 months oral supplements of glycine and magnesium+thiamine, as described.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Glycine
Intervention Type
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Patients will receive for 6 months an oral supplement of 0.5 g/kg/day glycine, up to 25 g/day, divided in three daily intakes.
Magnesium+thiamine
Intervention Type
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Patients will receive for 6 months an oral supplement of up to 400 mg/day, according to age, of elementary magnesium (formulated as magnesium citrate) plus up to 10 mg/day of thiamine (formulated as benfotiamine), divided in three daily intakes.
Placebo
Patients will receive for 6 months placebo (sugar glass), in a similar daily amount as in experimental arms, and divided in three daily intakes.
Group Type
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Placebo
Intervention Type
OTHER
Patients will receive for 6 months placebo (sugar glass), in a similar daily amount as in experimental arms, and divided in three daily intakes.
Interventions
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Glycine
Patients will receive for 6 months an oral supplement of 0.5 g/kg/day glycine, up to 25 g/day, divided in three daily intakes.
Intervention Type
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Magnesium+thiamine
Patients will receive for 6 months an oral supplement of up to 400 mg/day, according to age, of elementary magnesium (formulated as magnesium citrate) plus up to 10 mg/day of thiamine (formulated as benfotiamine), divided in three daily intakes.
Intervention Type
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Placebo
Patients will receive for 6 months placebo (sugar glass), in a similar daily amount as in experimental arms, and divided in three daily intakes.
Intervention Type
OTHER
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
1. Any sex.
2. Age of 5 years or more.
3. Diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) established according to international recommendations (Shapiro et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;197(12):e24-e39, and Shapiro et al. Ped Pulmonol 2016;51:115-132).
4. Without respiratory exacerbations of PCD in the previous 30 days.
5. Without acute respiratory infection in the previous 30 days.
6. Informed consent letter signed by the patient (if the patient's age is 18 years or more).
7. Informed consent letter signed by the legal guardian, and assent letter signed by the patient (if the patient's age is \<18 years).
2. Age of 5 years or more.
3. Diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) established according to international recommendations (Shapiro et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;197(12):e24-e39, and Shapiro et al. Ped Pulmonol 2016;51:115-132).
4. Without respiratory exacerbations of PCD in the previous 30 days.
5. Without acute respiratory infection in the previous 30 days.
6. Informed consent letter signed by the patient (if the patient's age is 18 years or more).
7. Informed consent letter signed by the legal guardian, and assent letter signed by the patient (if the patient's age is \<18 years).
Exclusion Criteria
1\. Participation in other research protocol involving therapeutic measures.
Elimination Criteria:
1\. None.
Elimination Criteria:
1\. None.
Minimum Eligible Age
5 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias
OTHER_GOV
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Mario H. Vargas
Senior Researcher
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Mario H. Vargas, MSc
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
5556665868
Locations
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Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias
Mexico City, , Mexico
Site Status
RECRUITING
Countries
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Mexico
Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Piatti G, De Santi MM, Farolfi A, Zuccotti GV, D'Auria E, Patria MF, Torretta S, Consonni D, Ambrosetti U. Exacerbations and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization are associated with altered lung structure and function in primary ciliary dyskinesia. BMC Pediatr. 2020 Apr 13;20(1):158. doi: 10.1186/s12887-020-02062-4.
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Sagel SD, Kupfer O, Wagner BD, Davis SD, Dell SD, Ferkol TW, Hoppe JE, Rosenfeld M, Sullivan KM, Tiddens HAWM, Knowles MR, Leigh MW. Airway Inflammation in Children with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023 Jan;20(1):67-74. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202204-314OC.
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BACKGROUND
Gontijo-Amaral C, Guimaraes EV, Camargos P. Oral magnesium supplementation in children with cystic fibrosis improves clinical and functional variables: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Jul;96(1):50-6. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034207. Epub 2012 May 30.
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Vargas MH, Del-Razo-Rodriguez R, Lopez-Garcia A, Lezana-Fernandez JL, Chavez J, Furuya MEY, Marin-Santana JC. Effect of oral glycine on the clinical, spirometric and inflammatory status in subjects with cystic fibrosis: a pilot randomized trial. BMC Pulm Med. 2017 Dec 15;17(1):206. doi: 10.1186/s12890-017-0528-x.
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Van den Eynden J, Ali SS, Horwood N, Carmans S, Brone B, Hellings N, Steels P, Harvey RJ, Rigo JM. Glycine and glycine receptor signalling in non-neuronal cells. Front Mol Neurosci. 2009 Aug 20;2:9. doi: 10.3389/neuro.02.009.2009. eCollection 2009.
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BACKGROUND
Wheeler MD, Rose ML, Yamashima S, Enomoto N, Seabra V, Madren J, Thurman RG. Dietary glycine blunts lung inflammatory cell influx following acute endotoxin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2000 Aug;279(2):L390-8. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.2.L390.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Almanza-Perez J, Blancas G, Angeles S, Garcia-Macedo R, Roman R, Cruz M. Glycine regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lean and monosodium glutamate-obese mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Dec 3;599(1-3):152-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.047. Epub 2008 Oct 9.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Almanza-Perez JC, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Blancas-Flores G, Campos-Sepulveda AE, Roman-Ramos R, Garcia-Macedo R, Cruz M. Glycine regulates inflammatory markers modifying the energetic balance through PPAR and UCP-2. Biomed Pharmacother. 2010 Oct;64(8):534-40. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2009.04.047. Epub 2009 Oct 17.
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BACKGROUND
Wheeler MD, Thurman RG. Production of superoxide and TNF-alpha from alveolar macrophages is blunted by glycine. Am J Physiol. 1999 Nov;277(5):L952-9. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.5.L952.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Garcia-Macedo R, Sanchez-Munoz F, Almanza-Perez JC, Duran-Reyes G, Alarcon-Aguilar F, Cruz M. Glycine increases mRNA adiponectin and diminishes pro-inflammatory adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Jun 10;587(1-3):317-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.051. Epub 2008 Apr 8.
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BACKGROUND
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BACKGROUND
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Rodriguez-Ramirez M, Simental-Mendia LE, Gonzalez-Ortiz M, Martinez-Abundis E, Madero A, Brito-Zurita O, Perez-Fuentes R, Revilla-Monsalve C, Islas-Andrade S, Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. Prevalence of Prehypertension in Mexico and Its Association With Hypomagnesemia. Am J Hypertens. 2015 Aug;28(8):1024-30. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpu293. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
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Other Identifiers
Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.
C16-24
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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