Comparison Between a Live Canine or Toy Dog on Prosocial Behavior and Emotional Regulation in Autistic Children

NCT ID: NCT06915415

Last Updated: 2025-04-08

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

9 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2023-10-01

Study Completion Date

2024-12-31

Brief Summary

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This study investigated the human-animal interaction (HAI) and bond (HAB) between a canine trained in therapy techniques or a canine plush toy and youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during animal-assisted therapy (AAT) sessions. The purpose of this study is to explore identified gaps in knowledge pertaining to AAT in pediatric ASD care management by documenting human interaction between either a live canine or the plush toy canine during AAT sessions and evaluating prosocial behaviors observed during and after AAT sessions.

This study addressed the following research questions:

1. How do children with autism ages 2 to 18 years interact with a live canine during AAT sessions?
2. How do children with autism ages 2 to 18 years interact with a toy plush dog during AAT sessions?
3. Is there a difference in HAI in the live canine group and the toy plush dog group?
4. Is there a difference in prosocial behavior observed during AAT sessions between the live canine group and the toy plush dog group?
5. Is there a difference in behavior after AAT sessions between the live canine group and the toy plush dog group? Participants were randomly assigned to either the live canine or toy plush dog group. Adaptive functioning and social responsiveness evaluations were obtained to compare baseline behavior between the two groups. Participants attended an AAT session once weekly for 6 to 8 weeks. Each group received the same therapy provided by the therapist; the only difference being the incorporation of a live canine during the therapy session. Caregivers completed a weekly assessment depicting participants' positive and negative affect at the beginning of each session. Caregivers also completed a monthly assessment noting strengths and difficulties in social functioning and behavior at the start of the first, middle, and final session. AAT sessions were recorded and behavior occurring during the sessions was coded to note HAI and HAB that occurred during the sessions.

Detailed Description

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Conditions

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Prosocial Behavior Emotional Regulation Human Animal Bonding Human Animal Interaction Autism

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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One group had a live canine incorporated into therapy sessions.

The therapist included a live therapy canine to interact with participants during therapy sessions for this group. The canine is trained to provide comfort and play games with participants. Participants received cognitive behavioral therapy, sensory integration therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy based upon their presenting needs. Sessions lasted between 30 to 60 minutes once weekly. Caregivers for younger participants were present throughout the session while caregivers for adolescent children were able to attend the entire session, watch the session from a different room, or stay in the lobby and meet with the therapist and participant for the last 10 minutes of therapy to review the session and therapeutic strategies to incorporate throughout the week to address deficits in emotional regulation and prosocial behavior. Sessions lasted 6 to 8 weeks, and participants could re-enroll if they desired to continue therapy to address identified concerns.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Animal-assisted therapy

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

One group had a live therapy canine included in therapy sessions who was trained to provide comfort measures and promote interaction with autistic children. He is a certified therapy and service dog and knows over 50 commands and is certified in 10 autism service dog tasks. Participants played with him at the beginning of the session. They could choose to play fetch or hide and seek. Participants could say commands to make him do tricks and give him a treat as a reward. The canine would lay at participants' feet while the therapist was working on a skill in the clinic room. The canine would alert to the onset of anxiety and provide comfort measures. Participants could also cue the canine to provide comfort measures or could brush his fur and give him water as a prosocial behavior. Participants ended sessions with either fetch, soccer, or hide and seek.

One group had a toy plush dog incorporated into therapy sessions.

The therapist included a toy plush dog to interact with participants during therapy sessions for this group. Participants received cognitive behavioral therapy, sensory integration therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy based upon their presenting needs. Sessions lasted between 30 to 60 minutes once weekly. Caregivers for younger participants were present throughout the session while caregivers for adolescent children were able to attend the entire session, watch the session from a different room, or stay in the lobby and meet with the therapist and participant for the last 10 minutes of therapy to review the session and therapeutic strategies to incorporate throughout the week to address deficits in emotional regulation and prosocial behavior. Sessions lasted 6 to 8 weeks, and participants could re-enroll in the live canine group if they desired to continue therapy to address identified concerns.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Behavioral therapy

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

One group had a toy plush dog included in therapy sessions. The therapist would incorporate the toy plush dog in the seated portion of the session to practice social skills. Participants could brush the toy plush dog, pet it, and hold it during sessions.

Interventions

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Animal-assisted therapy

One group had a live therapy canine included in therapy sessions who was trained to provide comfort measures and promote interaction with autistic children. He is a certified therapy and service dog and knows over 50 commands and is certified in 10 autism service dog tasks. Participants played with him at the beginning of the session. They could choose to play fetch or hide and seek. Participants could say commands to make him do tricks and give him a treat as a reward. The canine would lay at participants' feet while the therapist was working on a skill in the clinic room. The canine would alert to the onset of anxiety and provide comfort measures. Participants could also cue the canine to provide comfort measures or could brush his fur and give him water as a prosocial behavior. Participants ended sessions with either fetch, soccer, or hide and seek.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Behavioral therapy

One group had a toy plush dog included in therapy sessions. The therapist would incorporate the toy plush dog in the seated portion of the session to practice social skills. Participants could brush the toy plush dog, pet it, and hold it during sessions.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, or behavioral concerns.

Exclusion Criteria

* Fearful of canines
* Allergic to canines
Minimum Eligible Age

3 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

21 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Michele Kilmer

Assistant Professor

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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MIchele R Kilmer, DNP

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

The University of Arkansas

Locations

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University of Arkansas

Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States

Site Status

Countries

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United States

References

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Kilmer M, Hong M, Randolph D, Reichel A, Huetter S, Bowden M, Kilmer C. Animal-assisted therapy in pediatric autism spectrum disorder: A case report. Nurse Pract. 2024 Mar 1;49(3):31-39. doi: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000000000000151.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 38386471 (View on PubMed)

Provided Documents

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Document Type: Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, and Informed Consent Form

View Document

Related Links

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https://accessforautism.uark.edu/

Website for the university's autism program

Other Identifiers

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2307483365

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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