Evaluation of a Dimensional Adaptation of Good Psychiatric Management (GPM-extended) for the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder

NCT ID: NCT06913738

Last Updated: 2025-04-09

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

154 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-06-19

Study Completion Date

2029-12-31

Brief Summary

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The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether a dimensional adaptation of Good Psychiatric Management (called GPM-extended) is more effective than classic Good Psychiatric Management (GPM) in treating adult patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Briefly, the GPM-extended model integrates elements from existing adaptations of GPM for narcissistic and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. It aims to provide a more personalized and dimensional approach to treatment, tailored to each patient's specific personality dysfunction and interpersonal triggers.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

* Does GPM-extended improve overall BPD symptom severity more than classic GPM after one year of treatment?
* Does GPM-extended lead to better outcomes in related clinical domains (e.g., personality functioning, emotional regulation, social functioning...) ?

Researchers will compare two groups:

* Patients treated in a center using the GPM-extended program.
* Patients treated in a center using the classic GPM program. In each group, patients will receive weekly outpatient psychiatric care for one year.

In terms of evaluation, patients will be evaluated at baseline, 4 months, 8 months, and 1 year. They will undergo both clinician-administered and self-report assessments to measure BPD symptoms and other relevant psychological dimensions.

This study hopes to contribute to the development of dimensional evidence-based treatments for personality disorders.

Detailed Description

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Personality disorders (PD) are among the most common psychiatric disorders, the most studied being borderline personality disorder (BPD), a disorder that affects approximately 1.6% of the general population and is characterised by significant difficulties in emotion regulation, identity and interpersonal relationships. Currently, categories of PD are criticised and many authors have highlighted the need for a more dimensional assessment of PD, using the association of a general factor (described as the level of personality functioning, assessed on personal and interpersonal functioning) with several personality traits used to describe specific personality characteristics (negative affectivity, antagonism/dissociality, detachment, disinhibition, anankastia, psychoticism). The two main models are the DSM-5 alternative personality disorder model (AMPD) and the International Classification of Diseases 11th edition personality disorder model (ICD-11). In particular, several works have suggested that the BPD criteria are one of the most important markers of general personality functioning. While these new models offer new and very exciting possibilities in terms of diagnostic assessment, they have struggled to spread across clinical services ; and, to date, no evidence-based treatments have been developed from these models, limiting their usefulness. Furthermore, these models are also limited by the nature of personality traits (Criteria B), as these represent rigid and stable patterns of dysfunction that may be difficult to represent the complex day-to-day fluctuations in internal psychic coherence and interpersonal functioning characteristic of PD.

One of the most recent treatments for BPD is Good Psychiatric Management. This has proved as effective as specialist therapies such as dialectical behaviour therapy and has also been developed for other personality disorders (notably narcissistic and obsessional-compulsive PD). Each adaptation is based on a specific conceptualisation designed to represent the main ways in which an individual may dysfunction in the personal and interpersonal domains. According to these conceptualisations, each of these three personality disorders presents a specific trigger for its difficulties: threat to relational dependence with fear of rejection and abandonment for borderline PD, threat to self-esteem for narcissistic PD, threat to ability to control for obsessive PD. Thus, some authors have suggested that the development of an adaptation of the GPM incorporating both the central aspects of the dimensional models, but also each of these different triggers in a non-exclusive manner (as they may be found to a greater or lesser extent in each patient suffering from PD), could be both feasible and useful, in particular to resolve the above-mentioned problems.

Indeed, like traditional dimensional models, GPM offers the possibility of a dimensional approach, with personality functioning assessed by the presence or absence of the BPD criteria, and features of personal and interpersonal dysfunction considered holistically using GPM's trigger-based approach. However, unlike traditional dimensional models, GPM has been empirically tested and found to be effective in treating patients who meet the criteria for BPD. In addition, it offers an approach to personality characteristics that is simpler, easier to understand, more accessible to psychoeducation and closer to patients' everyday experience than the personality traits classically used in dimensional models. In addition, although each adaptation of the GPM focuses on different PDs, much of the content remains the same: making and announcing the diagnosis, psychoeducation, case management, recurrent assessment of progress and reassessment if there is no response, multimodal approach including psychodynamic and behavioural psychotherapy, anticipation of crises, and management of symptomatic medication, etc. This may be linked to the fact that, although each disorder has specific triggers/traits, the underlying level of personality functioning is represented by BPD criteria and is therefore expected to be treated by the same psychotherapeutic content. Thus, a dimensional adaptation of GPM seems both relevant and feasible to address the problems of conventional dimensional models, namely the lack of existence of evidence-based treatments associated with these models, and the aspecific nature of personality trait-based approaches.

Altogether, we developed a dimensional adaptation of the GPM (GPM-extended), aiming to treat patients fulfilling the criteria for BPD dimensionally by incorporating elements from the adaptations for narcissistic and obsessional personality disorders. In terms of content, GPM-extended takes the common part of the treatment from the three adaptations and uses it as a basis, while also offering the possibility of constructing treatment goals and exposure targets that are much more specific to a given patient, in particular by carrying out an initial assessment and prioritisation of the various triggers. If this adaptation were to be shown to be effective, it would ultimately improve the diagnostic assessment and management of patients fulfilling BPD criteria, by offering treatment that is more tailored to each profile.

Conditions

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Borderline Personality Disorder Narcissism Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder Personality Disorder

Study Design

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Allocation Method

NON_RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

The EPSYLIA study is a controlled, non-randomized, open-label trial using a "here-elsewhere" methodology (i.e., patient inclusion depends on the center to which each individual is referred).
Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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GPM-Extended group (ADDIPSY, Lyon, France)

Participants receive a one-year outpatient treatment based on GPM-extended, a dimensional adaptation of Good Psychiatric Management for BPD. It includes weekly 1-hour individual therapy focused on dominant personality dilemmas (abandonment, self-esteem, control), guided by structured clinical and psychometric assessment. Psychiatric case management (30 min every 3 weeks) addresses medication and coordination of care. Group components include at least one 6-week psychoeducation program (borderline, narcissistic, or obsessive-compulsive focus) and, for high emotion dysregulation, an 18-week DBT skills training group.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

GPM-Extended

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

GPM-extended is a dimensional adaptation of Good Psychiatric Management (GPM) that retains its core principles-validation, real-life focus, alliance building-while enhancing flexibility and personalization. It emphasizes diagnostic clarity, treatment prioritization, and individualized psychoeducation based on three key personality dilemmas: fear of abandonment, self-esteem dysregulation, and control dependency. These dilemmas guide the focus of therapy and case management. Treatment goals are collaboratively set and regularly reassessed to align with the patient's evolving needs. The intervention includes weekly individual therapy and tailored group programs, with clinical strategies adapted to each dominant dilemma.

Classic GPM (Clinique CARADOC, Bayonne, France)

Participants receive a one-year outpatient treatment based on classic Good Psychiatric Management (GPM) for BPD. It includes weekly 1-hour individual therapy focused on interpersonal hypersensitivity, delivered by a GPM-trained therapist. Psychiatric case management (30 min every 3 weeks) addresses medication and coordination of care. Group interventions include a 6-week psychoeducation group on BPD and, for patients with high emotion dysregulation, an 18-week DBT skills training group.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Classic GPM

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The classic GPM group follows the validated and manualized version of Good Psychiatric Management (GPM) for BPD. It emphasizes symptom stabilization through weekly individual therapy and pragmatic case management every 3 weeks. Unlike GPM-extended, it uses a uniform therapeutic framework rather than tailoring treatment to individual personality dilemmas,.The intervention includes weekly individual therapy and standardized group programs, with clinical strategies applied uniformly across patients, centered on interpersonal hypersensitivity and building stable life roles.

Interventions

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GPM-Extended

GPM-extended is a dimensional adaptation of Good Psychiatric Management (GPM) that retains its core principles-validation, real-life focus, alliance building-while enhancing flexibility and personalization. It emphasizes diagnostic clarity, treatment prioritization, and individualized psychoeducation based on three key personality dilemmas: fear of abandonment, self-esteem dysregulation, and control dependency. These dilemmas guide the focus of therapy and case management. Treatment goals are collaboratively set and regularly reassessed to align with the patient's evolving needs. The intervention includes weekly individual therapy and tailored group programs, with clinical strategies adapted to each dominant dilemma.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Classic GPM

The classic GPM group follows the validated and manualized version of Good Psychiatric Management (GPM) for BPD. It emphasizes symptom stabilization through weekly individual therapy and pragmatic case management every 3 weeks. Unlike GPM-extended, it uses a uniform therapeutic framework rather than tailoring treatment to individual personality dilemmas,.The intervention includes weekly individual therapy and standardized group programs, with clinical strategies applied uniformly across patients, centered on interpersonal hypersensitivity and building stable life roles.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Adults (≥18 years old)
* Diagnosis of borderline personality disorder according to the SCID-II (≥5 out of 9 criteria)
* Provision of written informed consent
* Affiliated with or beneficiary of the French national health insurance system

Exclusion Criteria

* Age under 18 years
* Presence of a comorbid psychotic disorder, intellectual disability, severe antisocial traits, major substance use disorder incompatible with intensive therapy without abstinence, anorexia nervosa with somatic risk, or bipolar disorder in acute manic phase
* Individuals under legal protection (e.g., guardianship or legal safeguard)
* Individuals unable to cooperate or complete self- or clinician-administered questionnaires
* Individuals not affiliated with or not beneficiaries of the French national health insurance system
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Clinique Caradoc

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

AddiPsy

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Martin Blay, M.D., M.Sc

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

AddiPsy

Locations

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Clinique Caradoc

Bayonne, , France

Site Status RECRUITING

Addipsy

Lyon, , France

Site Status RECRUITING

Countries

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France

Central Contacts

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Martin Blay, M.D., M.Sc

Role: CONTACT

+33472943403

Frédéric Mazenod

Role: CONTACT

+33472943403

Facility Contacts

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François Chevrier, M.D.

Role: primary

+33559441744

Linda Portilla

Role: backup

+33559441744

Martin Blay, M.D., M.Sc

Role: primary

+33472943403

Frédéric Mazenod

Role: backup

+33472943403

References

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Ridolfi ME, Rossi R, Occhialini G, Gunderson JG. A Clinical Trial of a Psychoeducation Group Intervention for Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019 Dec 31;81(1):19m12753. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19m12753.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 31917907 (View on PubMed)

McMain SF, Guimond T, Streiner DL, Cardish RJ, Links PS. Dialectical behavior therapy compared with general psychiatric management for borderline personality disorder: clinical outcomes and functioning over a 2-year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;169(6):650-61. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091416.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 22581157 (View on PubMed)

McMain SF, Links PS, Gnam WH, Guimond T, Cardish RJ, Korman L, Streiner DL. A randomized trial of dialectical behavior therapy versus general psychiatric management for borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Dec;166(12):1365-74. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09010039. Epub 2009 Sep 15.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 19755574 (View on PubMed)

Blay M, Benmakhlouf I, Duarte M, Perroud N, Greiner C, Charbon P, Choi-Kain L, Speranza M. Case reports: Using Good Psychiatric Management (GPM) conceptualizations in the dimensional assessment and treatment of personality disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2023 Jul 26;14:1186524. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1186524. eCollection 2023.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 37564248 (View on PubMed)

Wright AGC, Ringwald WR, Hopwood CJ, Pincus AL. It's time to replace the personality disorders with the interpersonal disorders. Am Psychol. 2022 Dec;77(9):1085-1099. doi: 10.1037/amp0001087.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 36595407 (View on PubMed)

Wright AG, Hopwood CJ, Skodol AE, Morey LC. Longitudinal validation of general and specific structural features of personality pathology. J Abnorm Psychol. 2016 Nov;125(8):1120-1134. doi: 10.1037/abn0000165.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 27819472 (View on PubMed)

Sharp C, Wright AG, Fowler JC, Frueh BC, Allen JG, Oldham J, Clark LA. The structure of personality pathology: Both general ('g') and specific ('s') factors? J Abnorm Psychol. 2015 May;124(2):387-98. doi: 10.1037/abn0000033. Epub 2015 Mar 2.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 25730515 (View on PubMed)

Bach B, Kramer U, Doering S, di Giacomo E, Hutsebaut J, Kaera A, De Panfilis C, Schmahl C, Swales M, Taubner S, Renneberg B. The ICD-11 classification of personality disorders: a European perspective on challenges and opportunities. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2022 Apr 1;9(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s40479-022-00182-0.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 35361271 (View on PubMed)

Hopwood CJ, Kotov R, Krueger RF, Watson D, Widiger TA, Althoff RR, Ansell EB, Bach B, Michael Bagby R, Blais MA, Bornovalova MA, Chmielewski M, Cicero DC, Conway C, De Clercq B, De Fruyt F, Docherty AR, Eaton NR, Edens JF, Forbes MK, Forbush KT, Hengartner MP, Ivanova MY, Leising D, John Livesley W, Lukowitsky MR, Lynam DR, Markon KE, Miller JD, Morey LC, Mullins-Sweatt SN, Hans Ormel J, Patrick CJ, Pincus AL, Ruggero C, Samuel DB, Sellbom M, Slade T, Tackett JL, Thomas KM, Trull TJ, Vachon DD, Waldman ID, Waszczuk MA, Waugh MH, Wright AGC, Yalch MM, Zald DH, Zimmermann J. The time has come for dimensional personality disorder diagnosis. Personal Ment Health. 2018 Feb;12(1):82-86. doi: 10.1002/pmh.1408. Epub 2017 Dec 11. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 29226598 (View on PubMed)

Gunderson JG, Herpertz SC, Skodol AE, Torgersen S, Zanarini MC. Borderline personality disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 May 24;4:18029. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.29.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 29795363 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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2024-A00475-42

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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