Sustained Endogenous Attention Deficits in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

NCT ID: NCT06900400

Last Updated: 2025-03-28

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: RECRUITING
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 50 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2024-11-11
• Study Completion Date: 2026-05-31

Brief Summary

Subjects with ADHD may exhibit deficits in sustained internal attention. The "Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping" test was recently developed and experimentally used in international literature to assess sustained internal attention in typically developing children. This clinical study has several objectives: 1) to assess the presence of "internal" sustained attention deficits in children with ADHD through the "Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping"; 2) to evaluate the discriminant and ecological validity of the "Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping."

Detailed Description

Recently, a distinction has been recognized between external sustained attention and internal sustained attention. Internal sustained attention is defined as the ability to maintain attention over time on neurocognitive processes that, rather than processing external information, act on information stored in memory. The "Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping" test was developed and used in experimental research protocols in international literature to assess internal sustained attention in typically developing children. While numerous studies confirm that ADHD is associated with deficits in external sustained attention, the international literature emphasizes that internal attention has been underexplored in ADHD. A pilot study conducted by the University of Salento revealed preliminary data showing that children with ADHD exhibit significantly lower performance compared to control subjects in the "Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping." Despite these preliminary data suggesting that the "Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping" test has the ability to discriminate between children with and without ADHD, there are no published studies formally investigating this hypothesis. Two subject samples will be recruited: one sample of subjects with ADHD and one sample of subjects without ADHD and with typical development. The ADHD diagnosis will be made based on the concordance of four data sources: 1) the detection of diagnostic criteria indicated in the DSM-5 through interviews, medical history, and observation during a neuropsychiatric and psychological visit; 2) high and/or medium-high scores, i.e., ≥ 65/70 T, on the ADHD symptom subscales of both the Conners-3-Parent and the CBCL-Parent; 3) high and/or medium-high scores, i.e., ≥ 65/70 T, on the ADHD symptom subscales of at least one questionnaire (Conners-3 or CBCL) administered to teachers; 4) the presence of all DSM-5 symptoms for ADHD on the Conners-3 scale for both parents and teachers.

Inclusion criteria:

ADHD Group:

Subjects with a diagnosis of ADHD (of any severity level and subtype) aged between 6 and 10 years; "Medication-naive" ADHD subjects, i.e., subjects who have not been prescribed and/or have not yet started taking any medication for ADHD; IQ ≥ 70.

Non-ADHD Group:

Normal IQ; Aged between 6 and 10 years.

Exclusion criteria:

Exclusion criteria for both groups:

Symptoms suggestive of autism spectrum disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders; Use of psychotropic drugs; Subjects with cerebral palsy and/or neuromotor and neuromuscular disorders; CNS diseases (e.g., epilepsy and/or neurodegenerative diseases) or CNS injuries due to, for example, head trauma or stroke.

The assessment of autism spectrum disorder symptoms will be carried out using the SRS-2 questionnaire, while the evaluation of other exclusion criteria will be done through medical history and clinical interview during enrollment.

Exclusion criteria for the non-ADHD group:

Presence of ADHD symptoms as identified through clinical interview and administration of a questionnaire (questionnaire from the BIA battery).

Both groups of subjects will be administered the "Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping". It is a computerized test that lasts approximately 10 minutes. It consists of maintaining and reproducing for a certain period of time (10 minutes) the rhythm of a sound presentation (auditory version).

Depending on the variables to be analyzed, non-parametric statistics or the Student's t-test and/or ANOVA will be used. ANCOVA will be employed to assess significant differences between the study variables, accounting for variables that could influence the potential differences (e.g., demographic differences between groups). ROC curve analysis, the Youden Index, and the specific formulas for calculating the diagnostic characteristics of the test will be used. The discriminant validity and the presence of any deficits in the performance related to the test will be evaluated in two ways:

1. by comparing the performances obtained from subjects with and without ADHD. To this end, the Student's t-test and/or analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used, and if significant differences are found between the two groups regarding variables other than the dependent variables, ANCOVA will be implemented;

2. by calculating sensitivity, specificity, accuracy indices, and test cut-offs. These parameters will be calculated using the ADHD diagnosis as the gold standard for the subjects with ADHD.

The cut-off will be calculated through ROC curve analysis and the Youden Index. By "cut-off" of the test, we mean the score that best discriminates, with a certain degree of accuracy, the optimal balance between sensitivity and specificity, separating subjects with ADHD from those without ADHD. In this sense, the cut-off is considered a measure of discriminant validity, similar to statistically significant differences that can be identified using other statistical techniques.

Ecological validity will be assessed by calculating correlations and regressions between the test scores and the scores obtained on the Conners scales. Finally, simple and partial correlations will be calculated between the Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping scores and the scores from other neuropsychological tests and questionnaires administered in order to gather information on various types of validity of the instrument (construct validity, divergent, and convergent validity).

Conditions

ADHD - Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity

Study Design

• Allocation Method: NA
• Intervention Model: SINGLE_GROUP
• Primary Study Purpose: DIAGNOSTIC
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

ADHD group and Control Group

The same neuropsychological test (i.e.Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping) is administered to two groups of subjects: one group of subjects with ADHD and one group of typically developing subjects. Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping" (Petilli et al., 2018) is a computerized test that lasts approximately 10 minutes. It involves maintaining and reproducing the rhythm of a sound (auditory version) .

Group Type: OTHER

Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping" (Petilli et al., 2018)

Intervention Type: DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping" (Petilli et al., 2018) a computerized test that lasts approximately 10 minutes. It involves maintaining and reproducing the rhythm of a sound (auditory version).

Interventions

Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping" (Petilli et al., 2018)

Sustained-Paced Finger Tapping" (Petilli et al., 2018) a computerized test that lasts approximately 10 minutes. It involves maintaining and reproducing the rhythm of a sound (auditory version).

Intervention Type: DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• ADHD Group (1) Subjects with a diagnosis of ADHD of any severity level and subtype
• ADHD Group (2) "Medication-naive" ADHD subjects, meaning subjects who have not been prescribed and/or have not yet started any pharmacological treatment for ADHD
• ADHD Group (3) IQ ≥ 70
• Non-ADHD Group, Normal IQ

Exclusion Criteria

• for both groups, symptomatology suggestive of autism spectrum disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders
• for both groups, use of psychotropic drugs
• for both groups, subjects with cerebral palsy and/or neuromotor and neuromuscular disorders
• for both groups, CNS diseases, e.g., epilepsy and/or neurodegenerative diseases, or central nervous system injuries resulting from, for example, head trauma or stroke
• for the non-ADHD group, presence of ADHD symptoms

• Minimum Eligible Age: 6 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 13 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

IRCCS Eugenio Medea

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR

Locations

Associazione "La Nostra Famiglia"-IRCCS "E. Medea"-Scientific Hospital for Neurorehabilitation-Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation)

Brindisi, , Italy

Site Status: RECRUITING

Università del Salento

Lecce, , Italy

Site Status: RECRUITING

Countries

Italy

Facility Contacts

Luigi Macchitella

Role: primary

luigi.macchitella@lanostrafamiglia.it

0831349111 ext. +39

Paola Angelelli

Role: primary

paola.angelelli@unisalento.it

0831349111 ext. +39

Other Identifiers

1064

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id