Insomnia´s Impact on DNA Stability, Cardio-metabolic Health and Lifestyle Behaviors

NCT ID: NCT06869486

Last Updated: 2025-03-11

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Total Enrollment

300 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-10-01

Study Completion Date

2026-12-31

Brief Summary

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Insomnia is a highly prevalent sleep disorder worldwide, with an increasing incidence in athletes, older adults, university students, and individuals with metabolic syndrome. This disorder has been associated with metabolic dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, and genetic instability. Recent evidence suggests that insomnia negatively impacts cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin sensitivity, and overall health through mechanisms involving neuroendocrine dysregulation, oxidative stress, and alterations in energy metabolism. However, the specific biological and environmental factors that contribute to its prevalence and health consequences remain poorly understood, particularly across different populations. Understanding these associations is crucial for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate the long-term impact of insomnia. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of insomnia on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic flexibility, and DNA integrity, across populations with high prevalence of insomnia, including athletes, older adults, university students, and individuals with metabolic syndrome. This study will also investigate which biological and lifestyle behaviors contribute to insomnia and its health consequences. By doing so, this work will provide critical insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms that link insomnia with metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction, contributing to the development of targeted interventions for at-risk populations

Detailed Description

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Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep despite adequate sleep opportunities and an appropriate sleep environment. It affects 10-50% of the adult population worldwide, with several biological, sociodemographic, and psychological-behavioral factors contributing to its occurrence. Notably, its prevalence is higher in women than in men (risk ratio: 1.58, p\<0.01) and increases with age, affecting 30-48% of older adults compared to 12-20% of young adults. Additionally, insomnia is more frequently reported among university students than in the general population (18.5% vs. 7.5%), and 13-70% of elite athletes experience persistent sleep disturbances indicative of insomnia.

Recent research has highlighted the long-term negative impact of insomnia on quality of life, as it induces chronic fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness, which are strongly associated with reduced work productivity, academic performance, and athletic capabilities. Additionally, insomnia has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, with a higher prevalence observed in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension.

Some studies have reported an inverse association between multiple indicators of insomnia and cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals without chronic diseases, further reinforcing the connection between insomnia and cardiovascular disease risk. This phenomenon may be driven by dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system, both of which contribute to increased cardiac contractility and altered neuroendocrine function. Moreover, the observed negative correlation between insomnia and oxygen uptake capacity suggests that insomnia may compromise capillary and mitochondrial density as well as cardiovascular efficiency, which are key determinants of maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max). Another plausible mechanism underlying this association is reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in individuals with chronic insomnia, likely resulting from elevated norepinephrine and cortisol levels, which are known to heighten sympathetic nervous system activity and impair cardiovascular function.

Beyond its cardiovascular implications, sleep deficiency disrupts metabolic homeostasis, promoting high-calorie food consumption through both hormonal (e.g., increased ghrelin secretion) and neurocognitive mechanisms (e.g., heightened hedonic drive for food intake). Over time, these physiological alterations contribute to body weight gain and insulin resistance, increasing the risk of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

At the molecular level, chronic sleep deprivation has been shown to impair DNA repair cycles, which may contribute to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Specifically, fragmentation of DNA strands has been observed following sleep restriction, leading to slower chromosomal dynamics and impaired cellular recovery. Additionally, sleep deprivation has demonstrated genotoxic effects in multiple organs and tissues, increasing oxidative DNA damage.

Despite the growing body of evidence linking insomnia to cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction, most human studies have focused primarily on young adult males with low physical activity levels and without chronic diseases. Similarly, the genotoxic effects of sleep disorders have been assessed mainly in preclinical models, with limited investigation of their correlation with cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers in humans.

Given these knowledge gaps, this study aims to examine the physiological and molecular consequences of insomnia across diverse populations, including athletes, older adults, university students, and individuals with metabolic syndrome. This research will provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying insomnia-related dysfunctions, ultimately contributing to the development of targeted interventions to mitigate its long-term health effects. The findings from this study will play a crucial role in guiding future clinical interventions aimed at improving sleep quality and metabolic health. Given that 27-40% of the Mexican adult population is affected by insomnia, addressing this disorder has become a public health priority. This research is aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in the areas of (i) health and well-being, (ii) quality education, and (iii) partnerships for achieving these objectives.

Additionally, the project will provide academic training opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students, reinforcing their competencies in research methodologies, data analysis, and clinical evaluations. Furthermore, collaboration with the National Institute of Public Health and the University of Granada will foster international research partnerships, enhancing the study's scientific impact.

By addressing the underlying insomnia and its multisystem effects, this project will contribute significantly to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sleep disorders in vulnerable populations, ultimately improving overall public health and quality of life.

Conditions

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Insomnia Cardiorespiratory Fitness Metabolic Disease

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

CASE_CONTROL

Study Time Perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

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Healthy young adults

This group consists of individuals aged 18-35 with no prior diagnosis of insomnia, sleep disorders, or chronic metabolic conditions. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.

Exercise

Intervention Type OTHER

A cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill will be performed after an overnight fasting. Gas exchange, heart rate, and muscle oxygen saturation levels will be assessed continuously during the entire test. Blood pressure and rate of perceived exertion will be recorded prior the end of each stage whereas blood glucose concentration will be assessed before and after the test. All the hemodynamic parameters will be assessed at rest to standardize the cardio-metabolic condition of the participants prior to exercise testing.

Maximal exertion will be requested from all participants except elders, in whom a submaximal test will be applied, following the guidelines provided by the American College of Sports Medicine. From this trial, maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds/dynamics, chronotropic and inotropic response, and metabolic flexibility will be examined. A trained exercise physiologist will supervise all the tests and validate the obtained data.

Bioelectrical Impedance

Intervention Type OTHER

Bioelectrical impedance analysis will be used to estimate body compartments through a mechanism of resistance and reactance (InBody 770, KOR) . The compartments measured include body cell mass, fat mass, extracellular tissue, lean mass, muscle mass, visceral adipose tissue area, phase angle, among others.

Micronucleus Assay

Intervention Type GENETIC

The frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds, basal cells, binucleated cells, condensed chromatin cells, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis will be determined through microscopic examination of exfoliated oral mucosal cells from each participant.

Physical activity and sedentary time

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Physical activity and sedentary time will be assessed through the Spanish version of the International Questionnaire of Physical activity. In half of the analyzed subjects a wearable device (Fitbit luxe, Fit bit Inc) will be also used to record daily steps, energy expenditure and heart rate patterns.

Sleep

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Insomnia severity index, sleep quality, somnolence and chronotype will be subjectively assessed in all participants, using validated scales such as the Pittsburgh, Epworth and ISI questionnaires. In half of the participants, sleep quality will be tracked by wearing a Fit band luxe device in the wrist.

blood sampling

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

The concentrations of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile will be determined through serum analysis using a blood chemistry analyzer (Spin120, Spinreact, ESP). Serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples (4-6 mL) collected in Vacutainer tubes at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. From the same serum samples, circulating levels of insulin, ovarian hormones (estradiol and progesterone), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) will be assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on a microplate reader (iMark, BIORAD, USA), following the specifications provided by each kit manufacturer (Biotechne, USA; AccuBind, GUA).

Glucose, insulin and triglyceride values obtained from the blood chemistry analyzer and ELISA assays will be used to calculate the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and the triglyceride-glucose index.

psychometrics

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Perceived stress will be obtained from the Perceived Stress Scale adapted for Mexican population. Additionally, depression and anxiety scores will be obtained from the Becks Depression Inventory, validated in Mexican adults. Ruminative thinking will be assessed through the short version of the Ruminative Responses Scale and substance abuse will be examined through the 10-items Drug Abuse Screening Test. Social media disorder and screen time will be also investigated from the Social Media Disorder Test and a cell-phone screen capture.

Nutritional Supplement

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire will be applied to collect data about macronutrient intake and supplements consumption. Hierarchical consumption of each food groups will be also assessed.

Last meal consumed prior to exercise testing will be also recorded in conjunction with fasting time.

Genotyping

Intervention Type GENETIC

The P10L polymorphism of the OPN4 gene, previously associated with chronic insomnia and severe daytime sleepiness in the Mexican population will be determined using RFLP-PCR assays. DNA will be extracted from previously collected blood samples (4 ml) using the Master Pure DNA purification kit from Epicentre (Illumina Inc., US).

College Students

University students aged 18-35 years, with current affiliation to the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.

Exercise

Intervention Type OTHER

A cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill will be performed after an overnight fasting. Gas exchange, heart rate, and muscle oxygen saturation levels will be assessed continuously during the entire test. Blood pressure and rate of perceived exertion will be recorded prior the end of each stage whereas blood glucose concentration will be assessed before and after the test. All the hemodynamic parameters will be assessed at rest to standardize the cardio-metabolic condition of the participants prior to exercise testing.

Maximal exertion will be requested from all participants except elders, in whom a submaximal test will be applied, following the guidelines provided by the American College of Sports Medicine. From this trial, maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds/dynamics, chronotropic and inotropic response, and metabolic flexibility will be examined. A trained exercise physiologist will supervise all the tests and validate the obtained data.

Bioelectrical Impedance

Intervention Type OTHER

Bioelectrical impedance analysis will be used to estimate body compartments through a mechanism of resistance and reactance (InBody 770, KOR) . The compartments measured include body cell mass, fat mass, extracellular tissue, lean mass, muscle mass, visceral adipose tissue area, phase angle, among others.

Micronucleus Assay

Intervention Type GENETIC

The frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds, basal cells, binucleated cells, condensed chromatin cells, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis will be determined through microscopic examination of exfoliated oral mucosal cells from each participant.

Physical activity and sedentary time

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Physical activity and sedentary time will be assessed through the Spanish version of the International Questionnaire of Physical activity. In half of the analyzed subjects a wearable device (Fitbit luxe, Fit bit Inc) will be also used to record daily steps, energy expenditure and heart rate patterns.

Sleep

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Insomnia severity index, sleep quality, somnolence and chronotype will be subjectively assessed in all participants, using validated scales such as the Pittsburgh, Epworth and ISI questionnaires. In half of the participants, sleep quality will be tracked by wearing a Fit band luxe device in the wrist.

psychometrics

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Perceived stress will be obtained from the Perceived Stress Scale adapted for Mexican population. Additionally, depression and anxiety scores will be obtained from the Becks Depression Inventory, validated in Mexican adults. Ruminative thinking will be assessed through the short version of the Ruminative Responses Scale and substance abuse will be examined through the 10-items Drug Abuse Screening Test. Social media disorder and screen time will be also investigated from the Social Media Disorder Test and a cell-phone screen capture.

Nutritional Supplement

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire will be applied to collect data about macronutrient intake and supplements consumption. Hierarchical consumption of each food groups will be also assessed.

Last meal consumed prior to exercise testing will be also recorded in conjunction with fasting time.

Genotyping

Intervention Type GENETIC

The P10L polymorphism of the OPN4 gene, previously associated with chronic insomnia and severe daytime sleepiness in the Mexican population will be determined using RFLP-PCR assays. DNA will be extracted from previously collected blood samples (4 ml) using the Master Pure DNA purification kit from Epicentre (Illumina Inc., US).

Athletes

Amateur and professional athletes with 2 years of training and competitive experience. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.

Exercise

Intervention Type OTHER

A cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill will be performed after an overnight fasting. Gas exchange, heart rate, and muscle oxygen saturation levels will be assessed continuously during the entire test. Blood pressure and rate of perceived exertion will be recorded prior the end of each stage whereas blood glucose concentration will be assessed before and after the test. All the hemodynamic parameters will be assessed at rest to standardize the cardio-metabolic condition of the participants prior to exercise testing.

Maximal exertion will be requested from all participants except elders, in whom a submaximal test will be applied, following the guidelines provided by the American College of Sports Medicine. From this trial, maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds/dynamics, chronotropic and inotropic response, and metabolic flexibility will be examined. A trained exercise physiologist will supervise all the tests and validate the obtained data.

Bioelectrical Impedance

Intervention Type OTHER

Bioelectrical impedance analysis will be used to estimate body compartments through a mechanism of resistance and reactance (InBody 770, KOR) . The compartments measured include body cell mass, fat mass, extracellular tissue, lean mass, muscle mass, visceral adipose tissue area, phase angle, among others.

Micronucleus Assay

Intervention Type GENETIC

The frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds, basal cells, binucleated cells, condensed chromatin cells, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis will be determined through microscopic examination of exfoliated oral mucosal cells from each participant.

Physical activity and sedentary time

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Physical activity and sedentary time will be assessed through the Spanish version of the International Questionnaire of Physical activity. In half of the analyzed subjects a wearable device (Fitbit luxe, Fit bit Inc) will be also used to record daily steps, energy expenditure and heart rate patterns.

Sleep

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Insomnia severity index, sleep quality, somnolence and chronotype will be subjectively assessed in all participants, using validated scales such as the Pittsburgh, Epworth and ISI questionnaires. In half of the participants, sleep quality will be tracked by wearing a Fit band luxe device in the wrist.

blood sampling

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

The concentrations of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile will be determined through serum analysis using a blood chemistry analyzer (Spin120, Spinreact, ESP). Serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples (4-6 mL) collected in Vacutainer tubes at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. From the same serum samples, circulating levels of insulin, ovarian hormones (estradiol and progesterone), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) will be assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on a microplate reader (iMark, BIORAD, USA), following the specifications provided by each kit manufacturer (Biotechne, USA; AccuBind, GUA).

Glucose, insulin and triglyceride values obtained from the blood chemistry analyzer and ELISA assays will be used to calculate the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and the triglyceride-glucose index.

psychometrics

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Perceived stress will be obtained from the Perceived Stress Scale adapted for Mexican population. Additionally, depression and anxiety scores will be obtained from the Becks Depression Inventory, validated in Mexican adults. Ruminative thinking will be assessed through the short version of the Ruminative Responses Scale and substance abuse will be examined through the 10-items Drug Abuse Screening Test. Social media disorder and screen time will be also investigated from the Social Media Disorder Test and a cell-phone screen capture.

Nutritional Supplement

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire will be applied to collect data about macronutrient intake and supplements consumption. Hierarchical consumption of each food groups will be also assessed.

Last meal consumed prior to exercise testing will be also recorded in conjunction with fasting time.

Genotyping

Intervention Type GENETIC

The P10L polymorphism of the OPN4 gene, previously associated with chronic insomnia and severe daytime sleepiness in the Mexican population will be determined using RFLP-PCR assays. DNA will be extracted from previously collected blood samples (4 ml) using the Master Pure DNA purification kit from Epicentre (Illumina Inc., US).

Elders

Older adults (65-75 years) without a medical history of cognitive disorders or mental health issues. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.

Exercise

Intervention Type OTHER

A cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill will be performed after an overnight fasting. Gas exchange, heart rate, and muscle oxygen saturation levels will be assessed continuously during the entire test. Blood pressure and rate of perceived exertion will be recorded prior the end of each stage whereas blood glucose concentration will be assessed before and after the test. All the hemodynamic parameters will be assessed at rest to standardize the cardio-metabolic condition of the participants prior to exercise testing.

Maximal exertion will be requested from all participants except elders, in whom a submaximal test will be applied, following the guidelines provided by the American College of Sports Medicine. From this trial, maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds/dynamics, chronotropic and inotropic response, and metabolic flexibility will be examined. A trained exercise physiologist will supervise all the tests and validate the obtained data.

Bioelectrical Impedance

Intervention Type OTHER

Bioelectrical impedance analysis will be used to estimate body compartments through a mechanism of resistance and reactance (InBody 770, KOR) . The compartments measured include body cell mass, fat mass, extracellular tissue, lean mass, muscle mass, visceral adipose tissue area, phase angle, among others.

Micronucleus Assay

Intervention Type GENETIC

The frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds, basal cells, binucleated cells, condensed chromatin cells, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis will be determined through microscopic examination of exfoliated oral mucosal cells from each participant.

Physical activity and sedentary time

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Physical activity and sedentary time will be assessed through the Spanish version of the International Questionnaire of Physical activity. In half of the analyzed subjects a wearable device (Fitbit luxe, Fit bit Inc) will be also used to record daily steps, energy expenditure and heart rate patterns.

Sleep

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Insomnia severity index, sleep quality, somnolence and chronotype will be subjectively assessed in all participants, using validated scales such as the Pittsburgh, Epworth and ISI questionnaires. In half of the participants, sleep quality will be tracked by wearing a Fit band luxe device in the wrist.

blood sampling

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

The concentrations of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile will be determined through serum analysis using a blood chemistry analyzer (Spin120, Spinreact, ESP). Serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples (4-6 mL) collected in Vacutainer tubes at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. From the same serum samples, circulating levels of insulin, ovarian hormones (estradiol and progesterone), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) will be assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on a microplate reader (iMark, BIORAD, USA), following the specifications provided by each kit manufacturer (Biotechne, USA; AccuBind, GUA).

Glucose, insulin and triglyceride values obtained from the blood chemistry analyzer and ELISA assays will be used to calculate the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and the triglyceride-glucose index.

psychometrics

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Perceived stress will be obtained from the Perceived Stress Scale adapted for Mexican population. Additionally, depression and anxiety scores will be obtained from the Becks Depression Inventory, validated in Mexican adults. Ruminative thinking will be assessed through the short version of the Ruminative Responses Scale and substance abuse will be examined through the 10-items Drug Abuse Screening Test. Social media disorder and screen time will be also investigated from the Social Media Disorder Test and a cell-phone screen capture.

Nutritional Supplement

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire will be applied to collect data about macronutrient intake and supplements consumption. Hierarchical consumption of each food groups will be also assessed.

Last meal consumed prior to exercise testing will be also recorded in conjunction with fasting time.

Genotyping

Intervention Type GENETIC

The P10L polymorphism of the OPN4 gene, previously associated with chronic insomnia and severe daytime sleepiness in the Mexican population will be determined using RFLP-PCR assays. DNA will be extracted from previously collected blood samples (4 ml) using the Master Pure DNA purification kit from Epicentre (Illumina Inc., US).

Metabolic syndrome

Individuals aged 18-35 with previous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.

Exercise

Intervention Type OTHER

A cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill will be performed after an overnight fasting. Gas exchange, heart rate, and muscle oxygen saturation levels will be assessed continuously during the entire test. Blood pressure and rate of perceived exertion will be recorded prior the end of each stage whereas blood glucose concentration will be assessed before and after the test. All the hemodynamic parameters will be assessed at rest to standardize the cardio-metabolic condition of the participants prior to exercise testing.

Maximal exertion will be requested from all participants except elders, in whom a submaximal test will be applied, following the guidelines provided by the American College of Sports Medicine. From this trial, maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds/dynamics, chronotropic and inotropic response, and metabolic flexibility will be examined. A trained exercise physiologist will supervise all the tests and validate the obtained data.

Bioelectrical Impedance

Intervention Type OTHER

Bioelectrical impedance analysis will be used to estimate body compartments through a mechanism of resistance and reactance (InBody 770, KOR) . The compartments measured include body cell mass, fat mass, extracellular tissue, lean mass, muscle mass, visceral adipose tissue area, phase angle, among others.

Micronucleus Assay

Intervention Type GENETIC

The frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds, basal cells, binucleated cells, condensed chromatin cells, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis will be determined through microscopic examination of exfoliated oral mucosal cells from each participant.

Physical activity and sedentary time

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Physical activity and sedentary time will be assessed through the Spanish version of the International Questionnaire of Physical activity. In half of the analyzed subjects a wearable device (Fitbit luxe, Fit bit Inc) will be also used to record daily steps, energy expenditure and heart rate patterns.

Sleep

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Insomnia severity index, sleep quality, somnolence and chronotype will be subjectively assessed in all participants, using validated scales such as the Pittsburgh, Epworth and ISI questionnaires. In half of the participants, sleep quality will be tracked by wearing a Fit band luxe device in the wrist.

blood sampling

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

The concentrations of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile will be determined through serum analysis using a blood chemistry analyzer (Spin120, Spinreact, ESP). Serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples (4-6 mL) collected in Vacutainer tubes at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. From the same serum samples, circulating levels of insulin, ovarian hormones (estradiol and progesterone), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) will be assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on a microplate reader (iMark, BIORAD, USA), following the specifications provided by each kit manufacturer (Biotechne, USA; AccuBind, GUA).

Glucose, insulin and triglyceride values obtained from the blood chemistry analyzer and ELISA assays will be used to calculate the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and the triglyceride-glucose index.

psychometrics

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Perceived stress will be obtained from the Perceived Stress Scale adapted for Mexican population. Additionally, depression and anxiety scores will be obtained from the Becks Depression Inventory, validated in Mexican adults. Ruminative thinking will be assessed through the short version of the Ruminative Responses Scale and substance abuse will be examined through the 10-items Drug Abuse Screening Test. Social media disorder and screen time will be also investigated from the Social Media Disorder Test and a cell-phone screen capture.

Nutritional Supplement

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

A semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire will be applied to collect data about macronutrient intake and supplements consumption. Hierarchical consumption of each food groups will be also assessed.

Last meal consumed prior to exercise testing will be also recorded in conjunction with fasting time.

Genotyping

Intervention Type GENETIC

The P10L polymorphism of the OPN4 gene, previously associated with chronic insomnia and severe daytime sleepiness in the Mexican population will be determined using RFLP-PCR assays. DNA will be extracted from previously collected blood samples (4 ml) using the Master Pure DNA purification kit from Epicentre (Illumina Inc., US).

Interventions

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Exercise

A cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill will be performed after an overnight fasting. Gas exchange, heart rate, and muscle oxygen saturation levels will be assessed continuously during the entire test. Blood pressure and rate of perceived exertion will be recorded prior the end of each stage whereas blood glucose concentration will be assessed before and after the test. All the hemodynamic parameters will be assessed at rest to standardize the cardio-metabolic condition of the participants prior to exercise testing.

Maximal exertion will be requested from all participants except elders, in whom a submaximal test will be applied, following the guidelines provided by the American College of Sports Medicine. From this trial, maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds/dynamics, chronotropic and inotropic response, and metabolic flexibility will be examined. A trained exercise physiologist will supervise all the tests and validate the obtained data.

Intervention Type OTHER

Bioelectrical Impedance

Bioelectrical impedance analysis will be used to estimate body compartments through a mechanism of resistance and reactance (InBody 770, KOR) . The compartments measured include body cell mass, fat mass, extracellular tissue, lean mass, muscle mass, visceral adipose tissue area, phase angle, among others.

Intervention Type OTHER

Micronucleus Assay

The frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds, basal cells, binucleated cells, condensed chromatin cells, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis will be determined through microscopic examination of exfoliated oral mucosal cells from each participant.

Intervention Type GENETIC

Physical activity and sedentary time

Physical activity and sedentary time will be assessed through the Spanish version of the International Questionnaire of Physical activity. In half of the analyzed subjects a wearable device (Fitbit luxe, Fit bit Inc) will be also used to record daily steps, energy expenditure and heart rate patterns.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Sleep

Insomnia severity index, sleep quality, somnolence and chronotype will be subjectively assessed in all participants, using validated scales such as the Pittsburgh, Epworth and ISI questionnaires. In half of the participants, sleep quality will be tracked by wearing a Fit band luxe device in the wrist.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

blood sampling

The concentrations of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile will be determined through serum analysis using a blood chemistry analyzer (Spin120, Spinreact, ESP). Serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples (4-6 mL) collected in Vacutainer tubes at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. From the same serum samples, circulating levels of insulin, ovarian hormones (estradiol and progesterone), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) will be assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on a microplate reader (iMark, BIORAD, USA), following the specifications provided by each kit manufacturer (Biotechne, USA; AccuBind, GUA).

Glucose, insulin and triglyceride values obtained from the blood chemistry analyzer and ELISA assays will be used to calculate the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and the triglyceride-glucose index.

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

psychometrics

Perceived stress will be obtained from the Perceived Stress Scale adapted for Mexican population. Additionally, depression and anxiety scores will be obtained from the Becks Depression Inventory, validated in Mexican adults. Ruminative thinking will be assessed through the short version of the Ruminative Responses Scale and substance abuse will be examined through the 10-items Drug Abuse Screening Test. Social media disorder and screen time will be also investigated from the Social Media Disorder Test and a cell-phone screen capture.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Nutritional Supplement

A semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire will be applied to collect data about macronutrient intake and supplements consumption. Hierarchical consumption of each food groups will be also assessed.

Last meal consumed prior to exercise testing will be also recorded in conjunction with fasting time.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Genotyping

The P10L polymorphism of the OPN4 gene, previously associated with chronic insomnia and severe daytime sleepiness in the Mexican population will be determined using RFLP-PCR assays. DNA will be extracted from previously collected blood samples (4 ml) using the Master Pure DNA purification kit from Epicentre (Illumina Inc., US).

Intervention Type GENETIC

Other Intervention Names

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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Sleep quality Sleep disorders Blood chemistry Macronutrient intake

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Healthy Individuals (18-35 years old, men and women)

* Waist circumference: \<90 cm (men), \<80 cm (women)
* Fasting glucose: 70-110 mg/dL
* Blood pressure: \<120/80 mmHg
* Triglycerides: \<150 mg/dL
* HDL-C: \>40 mg/dL (men), \>50 mg/dL (women)
* Physical activity level: 600-1500 MET-min/week
* Athletes (18-35 years old, men and women)

\*Engaged in structured sports training with a physical activity level \>1500 MET-min/week
* Older Adults (65-75 years old, men and women)

\*Free of cognitive or mental health disorders. No specific cardiometabolic or body composition criteria due to the study's exploratory nature.
* University Students (18-35 years old, men and women)

\*No specific cardiometabolic or body composition criteria due to the study's exploratory nature.
* Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome (18-35 years old, men and women)

* Waist circumference: \>90 cm (men), \>80 cm (women)
* Fasting glucose: \>110 mg/dL
* Blood pressure: \>130/80 mmHg
* Triglycerides: \>150 mg/dL
* HDL-C: \<40 mg/dL (men), \<50 mg/dL (women)
* Physical activity level: \<600 MET-min/week

Exclusion Criteria

* Individuals with respiratory diseases or musculoskeletal injuries that prevent exercise, as determined by a clinical history review, a physical activity readiness questionnaire (PART-Q+), and pulmonary function tests (spirometry).

Individuals with rotating or night-shift work schedules (e.g., emergency personnel, security guards), as circadian rhythm disruptions significantly impact sleep quality

* Women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or showing high testosterone levels with a history of oligomenorrhea, as these conditions may influence metabolic and hormonal markers. However, women with menstrual irregularities related to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or dysmenorrhea will not be excluded, given the established link between sleep disorders and menstrual cycle variations
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

75 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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Universidad de Granada

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

University of Colorado, Denver

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

Universidad Autonoma de Baja California

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Isaac Armando Chavez Guevara

PhD, Biological Chemistry

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Isaac A Chavez-Guevara, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Universidad Autonoma de Baja California

Locations

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Laboratorio de Fisiologia Aplicada al Ejercicio

Ensenada, Estado de Baja California, Mexico

Site Status RECRUITING

Countries

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Mexico

Central Contacts

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Ivan Renteria, PhD

Role: CONTACT

+52 646 152 823 ext. 65600

Facility Contacts

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Isaac A Chavez-Guevara, PhD

Role: primary

+52 6563851587

Alberto Blanco Salazar, MSc

Role: backup

+52 1 646 163 3758

References

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Gonzalez-Ramirez MT, Rodriguez-Ayan MN, Hernandez RL. The perceived stress scale (PSS): normative data and factor structure for a large-scale sample in Mexico. Span J Psychol. 2013;16:E47. doi: 10.1017/sjp.2013.35.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 23866243 (View on PubMed)

Chavez-Guevara IA. Assessment of metabolic flexibility by measuring maximal fat oxidation during submaximal intensity exercise: Can we improve the analytical procedures? Sports Med Health Sci. 2023 Feb 14;5(2):156-158. doi: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.02.001. eCollection 2023 Jun.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 37424534 (View on PubMed)

Duan D, Kim LJ, Jun JC, Polotsky VY. Connecting insufficient sleep and insomnia with metabolic dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2023 Jan;1519(1):94-117. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14926. Epub 2022 Nov 13.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 36373239 (View on PubMed)

de Souza DV, Rosario BDA, Viana MB, Pisani LP, da Silva GN, Ribeiro DA. Sleep deprivation induces genetic damage in mammalian cells: a systematic review. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2024 Mar 15;70(1):e20231097. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.20231097. eCollection 2024. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 38511758 (View on PubMed)

Serra Laborde, P. L., Torterolo Pizzuti, C., & Calvo Pesce, M. S. (2023). Calidad y cronotipo del sueño y su relación con la obesidad en población adulta. Revisión bibliográfica narrativa. Enfermería: Cuidados Humanizados, 12(2), e3213. https://doi.org/10.22235/ech.v12i2.3213

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Zada D, Bronshtein I, Lerer-Goldshtein T, Garini Y, Appelbaum L. Sleep increases chromosome dynamics to enable reduction of accumulating DNA damage in single neurons. Nat Commun. 2019 Mar 5;10(1):895. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08806-w.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 30837464 (View on PubMed)

Strand LB, Laugsand LE, Wisloff U, Nes BM, Vatten L, Janszky I. Insomnia symptoms and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy individuals: the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). Sleep. 2013 Jan 1;36(1):99-108. doi: 10.5665/sleep.2310.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 23288976 (View on PubMed)

Knutson KL, Van Cauter E, Zee P, Liu K, Lauderdale DS. Cross-sectional associations between measures of sleep and markers of glucose metabolism among subjects with and without diabetes: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Sleep Study. Diabetes Care. 2011 May;34(5):1171-6. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1962. Epub 2011 Mar 16.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 21411507 (View on PubMed)

Chaput JP, McHill AW, Cox RC, Broussard JL, Dutil C, da Costa BGG, Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Wright KP Jr. The role of insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment in obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023 Feb;19(2):82-97. doi: 10.1038/s41574-022-00747-7. Epub 2022 Oct 24.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 36280789 (View on PubMed)

Jiang XL, Zheng XY, Yang J, Ye CP, Chen YY, Zhang ZG, Xiao ZJ. A systematic review of studies on the prevalence of insomnia in university students. Public Health. 2015 Dec;129(12):1579-84. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.030. Epub 2015 Aug 20.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 26298588 (View on PubMed)

Zeng LN, Zong QQ, Yang Y, Zhang L, Xiang YF, Ng CH, Chen LG, Xiang YT. Gender Difference in the Prevalence of Insomnia: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Front Psychiatry. 2020 Nov 20;11:577429. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.577429. eCollection 2020.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 33329116 (View on PubMed)

Benjamins JS, Migliorati F, Dekker K, Wassing R, Moens S, Blanken TF, Te Lindert BHW, Sjauw Mook J, Van Someren EJW. Insomnia heterogeneity: Characteristics to consider for data-driven multivariate subtyping. Sleep Med Rev. 2017 Dec;36:71-81. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.10.005. Epub 2016 Nov 9.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 29066053 (View on PubMed)

Bhaskar S, Hemavathy D, Prasad S. Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. J Family Med Prim Care. 2016 Oct-Dec;5(4):780-784. doi: 10.4103/2249-4863.201153.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 28348990 (View on PubMed)

Carrillo-Mora, P., Barajas-Martinez, K.G., Sanchez-Vazquez, I., Rangel-Caballero, M.F. (2017). Trastornos del sueño: ¿qué son y cuáles son sus consecuencias? Revista de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM, 61(1), 6-20.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Other Identifiers

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CEEIP0004-FDE

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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