The Effects of Smartphone Addiction on Pinch Strength, Muscle Stiffness, and Hand/Wrist Function in Young Adults

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

RECRUITING

Total Enrollment

134 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2024-12-15

Study Completion Date

2025-06-15

Brief Summary

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Smartphones have become an indispensable part of daily life, and their increasing use has raised concerns about various health effects, including musculoskeletal symptoms. Repetitive movements of the thumb and hand muscles can lead to issues such as tendinosis, myofascial pain syndrome, and a decrease in pinch strength. Studies have shown that musculoskeletal symptoms related to smartphone use are common among young adults and university students. Additionally, an increase in device size may place greater strain on the wrist and finger muscles. Repetitive movements can cause stiffness changes in the thumb muscles, and the relationship between these changes and pinch strength is considered an important research topic. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of smartphone addiction on pinch strength, muscle stiffness, hand/wrist pain, and function in young adults.

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Detailed Description

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This study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Volunteers eligible to participate were first screened based on the results of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), and they were divided into two groups as Smartphone Addiction and Non-Smartphone Addiction, with a cutoff score of 31 for males and 33 for females. Subsequently, the determination of dominant hand was performed. All assessments were conducted on the participants' dominant extremity. The assessments were carried out in the following order: Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation Questionnaire (PRWHE), the Finkelstein test, muscle stiffness measurement, and finally, pinch strength assessment, as it was considered to potentially cause fatigue. All assessments were conducted by expert physiotherapists within a total duration of 30 minutes, and participants were not followed up afterward, nor recieved any intervention.

Conditions

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Smartphone Addiction

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

CASE_CONTROL

Study Time Perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

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Smartphone Addiction Group

Individuals classified as having smartphone addiction based on the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). Participants in this group scored 31 or higher for males and 33 or higher for females on the SAS-SV, indicating problematic smartphone use that meets the threshold for addiction.

No intervention.

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants allocated to the groups were assessed only once. No intervention was applied, and they were not followed up.

Non-Smartphone Addiction Group

Individuals who are not classified as having smartphone addiction based on the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). Participants in this group scored below 31 for males and below 33 for females on the SAS-SV, indicating that their smartphone use does not meet the threshold for addiction.

No intervention.

Intervention Type OTHER

Participants allocated to the groups were assessed only once. No intervention was applied, and they were not followed up.

Interventions

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No intervention.

Participants allocated to the groups were assessed only once. No intervention was applied, and they were not followed up.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Willing to participate in the study
* Have been using a smartphone for more than one year
* Aged between 18 and 25 years
* Send 25 or more text messages or emails per day
* Spend more than 2 hours browsing the internet and/or play games for more than one hour a day

Exclusion Criteria

* Having radiating/radicular pain in the upper extremity
* Having neck pain
* Congenital deformities in the upper extremity and neck
* A history of diagnosed neurological, rheumatic, musculoskeletal, or cardiovascular diseases
* Having previously undergone surgery on the neck and/or upper extremity
* Having been diagnosed with De Quervain's disease or tendinopathy in the hand/hand wrist muscles before

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

25 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes