Quadriceps Strengthening At Different Angles in Patellofemoral Pain
NCT ID: NCT06502795
Last Updated: 2024-10-30
Study Results
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Basic Information
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RECRUITING
NA
110 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2024-10-26
2026-06-30
Brief Summary
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Objective: We aim to compare the effects of quadriceps femoris strengthening within a limited range to a patient-guided range of motion on pain, function, knee confidence, and kinesiophobia in individuals with PFP.
Methods: A randomized clinical trial will be conducted with two parallel groups, using a balanced 1:1 allocation and a double-blind design. The study population will include men and women aged 18 to 35 years, diagnosed with PFP. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the limited range group or the patient-guided range of motion group. They will participate in a supervised therapeutic protocol, with sessions averaging 40 minutes, twice a week, for six consecutive weeks. The primary outcome will be pain, assessed using the numerical pain rating scale (0-10), and kinesiophobia, assessed by the Tampa Scale . Secondary outcomes will include pain, self-reported function, measured by the Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), perceived improvement by the Global Rating of Change Scale, quadriceps strength, kinesiophobia and analgesic consumption.
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Detailed Description
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Open kinetic chain exercises will be performed using a leg extension machine, while closed kinetic chain exercises will include free squats and Bulgarian squats.
The Limited-RoM Quadriceps Strengthening group will perform open-kinetic-chain quadriceps strengthening exercises within a range of 90° to 45° of knee flexion and closed-kinetic-chain within a range of 0° to 45°.
The Patient-Guided-RoM Quadriceps Strengthening group will perform quadriceps strengthening exercises in both open and closed kinetic chains to the maximum tolerated by the patient based on their symptoms. The patient-guided maximum range of motion will be adjusted based on pain intensity, comfort, and patient response, following a shared decision-making approach with a clinician. The goal will be to maintain exercises at the greatest possible range of motion.
The identification of the patient-guided angle in both open and closed kinetic chain exercises will be determined as follows: the patient will perform 10 maximum repetitions on the leg with PFP, prioritizing range of motion over load. During the execution, the range of motion and load will be guided by the numerical pain rating scale and the perceived exertion scale.
Participants will complete 12 sessions, twice a week, supervised by a physiotherapist. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, six weeks, and six months, evaluating pain, function, kinesiophobia, crepitus, perception of effect, and weekly pain-killer consumption.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
DOUBLE
Study Groups
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Limited Range of Motion Quadriceps Strengthening group
The Limited-RoM Quadriceps Strengthening group will perform open-kinetic-chain quadriceps strengthening exercises within a range of 90° to 45° of knee flexion and closed-kinetic-chain within a range of 0° to 45°.
Protected Range Quadriceps Strengthening group
Warm-up: Start with 5 minutes of stationary biking. Then, proceed with two sets of 30-second dynamic stretches targeting the quadriceps, hamstrings, calf muscles, and adductors, followed by static stretching for the abductors.
Strengthening: Complete 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions for each exercise, aiming for a perceived effort level on the Borg scale between 60% and 80%. Increase the load by 2%-10% when the patient can perform 14 or more repetitions in the final set while maintaining the Borg scale between 60% and 80%.
For the Leg Extension Machine, maintain a range of motion between 90 to 45 degrees. During Squats and Bulgarian Squats, aim for a range of motion between 0 to 45 degrees.
Patient-Guided Range of Motion Quadriceps Strengthening group
The Patient-Guided-RoM Quadriceps Strengthening group will perform quadriceps strengthening exercises in both open and closed kinetic chains to the maximum tolerated by the patient based on their symptoms. The patient-guided maximum range of motion will be adjusted based on pain intensity, comfort, and patient response, following a shared decision-making approach with a clinician. The goal will be to maintain exercises at the greatest possible range of motion.
Patient-Guided Range Quadriceps Strengthening group
Warm-up: 5 minutes of stationary biking. Next, perform two sets of 30-second stretches for the quadriceps, hamstrings, calf muscles, adductors and abductors hip.
Strengthening: Patients will complete 3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions for each exercise, aiming for a perceived effort level of 60% to 80% on the Borg scale. Load will be increased by 2% to 10% when patients can complete 14 or more repetitions in the final set while maintaining the Borg scale between 60% and 80%.
Quadriceps strengthening will be performed at the patient's maximum range guided by symptoms, with pain intensity capped at 5 points on the NPRS. The patient-guided range will be adjusted based on pain intensity, comfort, and patient response, using a shared decision-making approach. The goal is to maintain exercises at the maximum possible range of motion.
For the Leg Extension Machine, Squats, and Bulgarian Squats, the range of motion will be guided by the patient's pain tolerance.
Interventions
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Protected Range Quadriceps Strengthening group
Warm-up: Start with 5 minutes of stationary biking. Then, proceed with two sets of 30-second dynamic stretches targeting the quadriceps, hamstrings, calf muscles, and adductors, followed by static stretching for the abductors.
Strengthening: Complete 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions for each exercise, aiming for a perceived effort level on the Borg scale between 60% and 80%. Increase the load by 2%-10% when the patient can perform 14 or more repetitions in the final set while maintaining the Borg scale between 60% and 80%.
For the Leg Extension Machine, maintain a range of motion between 90 to 45 degrees. During Squats and Bulgarian Squats, aim for a range of motion between 0 to 45 degrees.
Patient-Guided Range Quadriceps Strengthening group
Warm-up: 5 minutes of stationary biking. Next, perform two sets of 30-second stretches for the quadriceps, hamstrings, calf muscles, adductors and abductors hip.
Strengthening: Patients will complete 3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions for each exercise, aiming for a perceived effort level of 60% to 80% on the Borg scale. Load will be increased by 2% to 10% when patients can complete 14 or more repetitions in the final set while maintaining the Borg scale between 60% and 80%.
Quadriceps strengthening will be performed at the patient's maximum range guided by symptoms, with pain intensity capped at 5 points on the NPRS. The patient-guided range will be adjusted based on pain intensity, comfort, and patient response, using a shared decision-making approach. The goal is to maintain exercises at the maximum possible range of motion.
For the Leg Extension Machine, Squats, and Bulgarian Squats, the range of motion will be guided by the patient's pain tolerance.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Diagnosis of patellofemoral pain characterized by peri- or retropatellar pain.
* Pain reproduced in at least two of the following activities: ascending or descending stairs, squatting, kneeling, prolonged sitting, jumping, running, or palpation of the medial and/or lateral facets of the patella.
* Insidious onset of symptoms.
* Symptoms duration of at least three months.
* Minimum score of three on the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) in the past week.
* Maximum score of 86 points on the Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS)
* In cases of bilateral pain, the more symptomatic knee will be included.
Exclusion Criteria
* Other knee joint-related injuries such as meniscal tears, ligament injuries.
* History of patellar subluxation or dislocation.
* Signs of osteoarthritis.
* Patellar and quadriceps tendinopathy.
* Osgood-Schlatter syndrome.
* Presence of knee joint edema.
* Contraindications to resistance exercises informed by a physician.
* Corticosteroid injection within the last 6 months.
18 Years
35 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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Universidade Federal do Ceara
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Gabriel Peixoto Leão Almeida
Principal Investigator
Locations
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Physiotherapy Department, Federal University of Ceará
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Countries
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Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Almeida GPL, Rodrigues HLDN, Coelho BAL, Rodrigues CAS, Lima POP. Anteromedial versus posterolateral hip musculature strengthening with dose-controlled in women with patellofemoral pain: A randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther Sport. 2021 May;49:149-156. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.02.016. Epub 2021 Mar 2.
Collins NJ, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Crossley KM, van Linschoten RL, Vicenzino B, van Middelkoop M. Prognostic factors for patellofemoral pain: a multicentre observational analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2013 Mar;47(4):227-33. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091696. Epub 2012 Dec 13.
Collins NJ, Barton CJ, van Middelkoop M, Callaghan MJ, Rathleff MS, Vicenzino BT, Davis IS, Powers CM, Macri EM, Hart HF, de Oliveira Silva D, Crossley KM. 2018 Consensus statement on exercise therapy and physical interventions (orthoses, taping and manual therapy) to treat patellofemoral pain: recommendations from the 5th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Gold Coast, Australia, 2017. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Sep;52(18):1170-1178. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099397. Epub 2018 Jun 20.
Crossley KM, Bennell KL, Cowan SM, Green S. Analysis of outcome measures for persons with patellofemoral pain: which are reliable and valid? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 May;85(5):815-22. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00613-0.
da Cunha RA, Costa LO, Hespanhol Junior LC, Pires RS, Kujala UM, Lopes AD. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and clinimetric testing of instruments used to assess patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome in the Brazilian population. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013 May;43(5):332-9. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2013.4228. Epub 2013 Mar 13.
Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Wilk KE, Andrews JR. Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 Apr;30(4):556-69. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199804000-00014.
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Giles L, Webster KE, McClelland J, Cook JL. Quadriceps strengthening with and without blood flow restriction in the treatment of patellofemoral pain: a double-blind randomised trial. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Dec;51(23):1688-1694. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096329. Epub 2017 May 12.
Hansen R, Brushoj C, Rathleff MS, Magnusson SP, Henriksen M. Quadriceps or hip exercises for patellofemoral pain? A randomised controlled equivalence trial. Br J Sports Med. 2023 Oct;57(20):1287-1294. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106197. Epub 2023 May 3.
Kamper SJ, Maher CG, Mackay G. Global rating of change scales: a review of strengths and weaknesses and considerations for design. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(3):163-70. doi: 10.1179/jmt.2009.17.3.163.
Lack S, Barton C, Sohan O, Crossley K, Morrissey D. Proximal muscle rehabilitation is effective for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Nov;49(21):1365-76. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094723. Epub 2015 Jul 14.
Maclachlan LR, Collins NJ, Matthews MLG, Hodges PW, Vicenzino B. The psychological features of patellofemoral pain: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017 May;51(9):732-742. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096705. Epub 2017 Mar 20.
de Oliveira Silva D, Barton C, Crossley K, Waiteman M, Taborda B, Ferreira AS, Azevedo FM. Implications of knee crepitus to the overall clinical presentation of women with and without patellofemoral pain. Phys Ther Sport. 2018 Sep;33:89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.07.007. Epub 2018 Jul 17.
de Oliveira Silva D, Barton CJ, Briani RV, Taborda B, Ferreira AS, Pazzinatto MF, Azevedo FM. Kinesiophobia, but not strength is associated with altered movement in women with patellofemoral pain. Gait Posture. 2019 Feb;68:1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.10.033. Epub 2018 Nov 1.
Powers CM, Ho KY, Chen YJ, Souza RB, Farrokhi S. Patellofemoral joint stress during weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing quadriceps exercises. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 May;44(5):320-7. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2014.4936. Epub 2014 Mar 27.
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Priore LB, Azevedo FM, Pazzinatto MF, Ferreira AS, Hart HF, Barton C, de Oliveira Silva D. Influence of kinesiophobia and pain catastrophism on objective function in women with patellofemoral pain. Phys Ther Sport. 2019 Jan;35:116-121. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.11.013. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
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Stathopulu E, Baildam E. Anterior knee pain: a long-term follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 Feb;42(2):380-2. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keg093.
Steinkamp LA, Dillingham MF, Markel MD, Hill JA, Kaufman KR. Biomechanical considerations in patellofemoral joint rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med. 1993 May-Jun;21(3):438-44. doi: 10.1177/036354659302100319.
Willy RW, Hoglund LT, Barton CJ, Bolgla LA, Scalzitti DA, Logerstedt DS, Lynch AD, Snyder-Mackler L, McDonough CM. Patellofemoral Pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019 Sep;49(9):CPG1-CPG95. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2019.0302.
Other Identifiers
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PFPKarine
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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