Smartphone-based Health Behaviour Intervention for Adolescents
NCT ID: NCT05912439
Last Updated: 2023-06-22
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
UNKNOWN
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
670 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2017-08-15
Study Completion Date
2023-12-01
Brief Summary
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Despite most adolescents having access to smartphones, few of them seem to use mobile health (mHealth) applications for health improvement, highlighting the apparent lack of interest in mHealth applications among adolescents. Adolescent mHealth interventions have been burdened with high attrition rates, where attrition is often measured at two time points. Research on these interventions among adolescents have frequently lacked detailed time related attrition data alongside analysis of attrition reasons through usage. The objective is to obtain daily attrition rates among adolescents in an mHealth intervention called SidekickHealth and gain a deeper understanding of attrition patterns and reasons along with the function of motivational support, such as altruistic rewards, through analysis of application usage data.
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Detailed Description
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Throughout the past decade ownership and access to smartphones and mobile devices has grown profoundly among adolescents and youth worldwide. The growth has been such that smartphone ownership or access among US adolescents was 95% four years ago and had increased by 23% in the four years prior. Similar development was observed in the majority of developed economies where adolescent smartphone access and ownership is above the 90th percentile. Smartphones are so widely distributed and used that approximately 45% of adolescents spend nearly all waking hours online. However, modest projections of daily usage is that many spend way less time online each day though it is usually more than 4 hours.
Extreme smartphone usage in adolescent and youth populations has been extensively covered but a more positive side to mobile usage is that a significant proportion of adolescents seek health information and clinical help online through their mobile devices, providing ample opportunities to reach at risk adolescents with science based methods focusing on health improvement. Health problems, i.e. mental health and lifestyle disease, disproportionally burden lower SES groups as well as diverse minority groups and smartphones could become a vital tool in eliminating such disparities since smartphone access and ownership is not related to SES status, gender or race in diverse economies. The mHealth market is steadily becoming saturated with applications and yearly increase in number of applications available has skyrocketed in recent years, with estimated 350.000 mHealth applications currently on the market. However, only 8% of adolescents seem to use health applications to improve their health, highlighting the apparent gap between easy access, extensive daily usage and lack of interest in mHealth applications among adolescents.
Lack of physical activity has been labelled a global pandemic and reported as the 4th leading global cause of death. Physical inactivity increases risk of lifestyle diseases, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer, resulting in over 5 million annual global deaths. Further, the estimated annual financial burden of physical inactivity is nearly 54 billion USD in health care costs around the world. There seems to be a drop in physical activity in adolescence and a large part of adolescents are under the recommended physical activity levels provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Lack of sufficient physical activity tends to continue into adulthood and research suggests that the majority of adolescents in the EU do not even reach 30% of recommended daily physical activity. Further, adolescents seem to have the unhealtiest diet of all age groups and adolescence is a particular susceptibility period to weight gain. Research has repeatedly revealed a significant relationship between nutritional behavior and physical activity in terms of weight management. A tremendous increase in global adolescent obesity has been witnessed in the past decades and prevalence for instance tripled since 1975. Cost-effective interventions to increase physical activity and improve nutritional behavior in adolescent populations are therefore direly needed.
Physical inactivity and inadequate nutritional habits are often interrelated to disabling emotional problems and integrated strategies should include all three pillars to improve physical as well as mental well-being in adolescent populations. Mobile health interventions targeting disabling emotional problems in adolescent populations have revealed encouraging outcome, despite the fact that attrition rates in these interventions are generally high. Varying definitions of attrition have complicated research on this topic but attrition is defined as leaving treatment before obtaining a required level of improvement or completing intervention goals. Research on mental mHealth interventions among adolescents have frequently lacked detailed time related attrition data alongside accurate definitions and analysis of attrition reasons though recent studies show promise in that regard. Attrition is regularly reported at two distinct points of time; intervention start and at end of intervention. A continuous measure of usage vs. non-usage in mHealth interventions for adolescents while simultaneously obtaining detailed usage data in order to prevent or delay exact times of attrition in future interventions would perhaps be an improved representation of attrition.
Increased knowledge on actual attrition factors and patterns in adolescent populations from mHealth interventions are direly needed. Obtaining a better understanding of how motivational support motivates adolescents to use mHealth applications and why they maintain or lose interest in using them to improve their health is of vital importance. Motivational support in mHealth interventions, defined as strategies to enhance motivation and counter attrition to overcome behavior change barriers, often include goal-setting, feedback, social support and rewards. Systematic reviews examining possible drivers behind usage point to group and task customization, localization, functional user support, gamification of health tasks and immediate visual but simplified feedback on user action while while gender-related motivational support features could be contributing factors. Timing of tailored motivational support, through just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs), should be considered as well when implementing adolescent mHealth interventions since time-based individualization could counter high attritions rates. Given the magnitude of reported health problems among adolescents and lack of cost-effective health behaviour interventions specifically developed for adolescent populations, the need for better understanding of attrition reasons in adolescent mHealth interventions is massive. The purpose of this study is firstly to seek richer understanding of continuous attrition rates from a mHealth intervention called SidekickHealth in an adolescent population and what effects motivational support has on attrition rates. Secondly, the aim is to examine effectiveness of the intervention with the aim to increase daily mental, nutritional and physical health behaviour.
Extreme smartphone usage in adolescent and youth populations has been extensively covered but a more positive side to mobile usage is that a significant proportion of adolescents seek health information and clinical help online through their mobile devices, providing ample opportunities to reach at risk adolescents with science based methods focusing on health improvement. Health problems, i.e. mental health and lifestyle disease, disproportionally burden lower SES groups as well as diverse minority groups and smartphones could become a vital tool in eliminating such disparities since smartphone access and ownership is not related to SES status, gender or race in diverse economies. The mHealth market is steadily becoming saturated with applications and yearly increase in number of applications available has skyrocketed in recent years, with estimated 350.000 mHealth applications currently on the market. However, only 8% of adolescents seem to use health applications to improve their health, highlighting the apparent gap between easy access, extensive daily usage and lack of interest in mHealth applications among adolescents.
Lack of physical activity has been labelled a global pandemic and reported as the 4th leading global cause of death. Physical inactivity increases risk of lifestyle diseases, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer, resulting in over 5 million annual global deaths. Further, the estimated annual financial burden of physical inactivity is nearly 54 billion USD in health care costs around the world. There seems to be a drop in physical activity in adolescence and a large part of adolescents are under the recommended physical activity levels provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Lack of sufficient physical activity tends to continue into adulthood and research suggests that the majority of adolescents in the EU do not even reach 30% of recommended daily physical activity. Further, adolescents seem to have the unhealtiest diet of all age groups and adolescence is a particular susceptibility period to weight gain. Research has repeatedly revealed a significant relationship between nutritional behavior and physical activity in terms of weight management. A tremendous increase in global adolescent obesity has been witnessed in the past decades and prevalence for instance tripled since 1975. Cost-effective interventions to increase physical activity and improve nutritional behavior in adolescent populations are therefore direly needed.
Physical inactivity and inadequate nutritional habits are often interrelated to disabling emotional problems and integrated strategies should include all three pillars to improve physical as well as mental well-being in adolescent populations. Mobile health interventions targeting disabling emotional problems in adolescent populations have revealed encouraging outcome, despite the fact that attrition rates in these interventions are generally high. Varying definitions of attrition have complicated research on this topic but attrition is defined as leaving treatment before obtaining a required level of improvement or completing intervention goals. Research on mental mHealth interventions among adolescents have frequently lacked detailed time related attrition data alongside accurate definitions and analysis of attrition reasons though recent studies show promise in that regard. Attrition is regularly reported at two distinct points of time; intervention start and at end of intervention. A continuous measure of usage vs. non-usage in mHealth interventions for adolescents while simultaneously obtaining detailed usage data in order to prevent or delay exact times of attrition in future interventions would perhaps be an improved representation of attrition.
Increased knowledge on actual attrition factors and patterns in adolescent populations from mHealth interventions are direly needed. Obtaining a better understanding of how motivational support motivates adolescents to use mHealth applications and why they maintain or lose interest in using them to improve their health is of vital importance. Motivational support in mHealth interventions, defined as strategies to enhance motivation and counter attrition to overcome behavior change barriers, often include goal-setting, feedback, social support and rewards. Systematic reviews examining possible drivers behind usage point to group and task customization, localization, functional user support, gamification of health tasks and immediate visual but simplified feedback on user action while while gender-related motivational support features could be contributing factors. Timing of tailored motivational support, through just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs), should be considered as well when implementing adolescent mHealth interventions since time-based individualization could counter high attritions rates. Given the magnitude of reported health problems among adolescents and lack of cost-effective health behaviour interventions specifically developed for adolescent populations, the need for better understanding of attrition reasons in adolescent mHealth interventions is massive. The purpose of this study is firstly to seek richer understanding of continuous attrition rates from a mHealth intervention called SidekickHealth in an adolescent population and what effects motivational support has on attrition rates. Secondly, the aim is to examine effectiveness of the intervention with the aim to increase daily mental, nutritional and physical health behaviour.
Conditions
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Healthy Adolescents in School-based Population
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
The study is a randomised controlled study. Group randomisation is used to distinguish three participating schools into control, treatment-as-usual (TAU) and intervention groups. Measures are obtained at baseline and 42 days later. Participants in both the TAU group and the intervention group receive an approximately 10 minutes long introduction regarding the study specifications and the application. The control group receive no further contact, access to the application or information until study-end questionnaire measures. Participants in the intervention group are randomly assigned to teams consisting of 8 individuals that collectively and individually compete in point collection through completion of in-app health tasks. Participation in the TAU group and intervention group is defined as downloading the Sidekick app and completing at least 3 health exercises within it.
Primary Study Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Blinding Strategy
NONE
Masking (blinding) procedures is not done after initial randomisation on group (school) level, since participants are aware of the intervention design, that is whether or not they use a mHealth application
Study Groups
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Control
Measures for participants in control group are obtained at baseline and 42 days later. The control group receives no further contact, access to the mHealth application or information until study-end questionnaire measures are provided.
Group Type
NO_INTERVENTION
No interventions assigned to this group
Treatment-As-Usual
For participants in Treatment-As-Usual (TAU) group measures are obtained at baseline and 42 days later. Participants receive an approximately 10 minutes long introduction regarding study specifications and the mHealth application. Active participation in TAU group is defined as downloading the Sidekick app and completing at least 3 health exercises within it. Time of exercise is defined as the timestamp on completion of exercise within any of the three types of exercise categories (physical activity, nutrition and mental health) of the app. Exercise frequency refers to how often a given exercise was completed by a participant in TAU group. Time of attrition is defined as the time stamp of last completing health exercise within the Sidekick throughout intervention period. Participants in TAU group use the application individually throughout trial period without any motivational support.
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
SidekickHealth
Intervention Type
BEHAVIORAL
Usage of mobile application called SidekickHealth.
Intervention
For participants in intervention group measures are obtained at baseline and 42 days later. Participants receive an approximately 10 minutes long introduction regarding study specifications and the mHealth application. Active participation in intervention group is defined as downloading the Sidekick app and completing at least 3 health exercises within it. Time of exercise is defined as the timestamp on completion of exercise within any of the three types of exercise categories (physical activity, nutrition and mental health) of the app. Exercise frequency refers to how often a given exercise was completed by a participant in TAU group. Time of attrition is defined as the time stamp of last completing health exercise within the Sidekick throughout intervention period. Participants in intervention group receive weekly motivational support in form of individual and group feedback on usage, participation in friendly health task competitions and weekly altruistic rewards for usage.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
SidekickHealth
Intervention Type
BEHAVIORAL
Usage of mobile application called SidekickHealth.
Interventions
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SidekickHealth
Usage of mobile application called SidekickHealth.
Intervention Type
BEHAVIORAL
Other Intervention Names
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SidekickHealth mHealth application
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* All children attending the oldest 3 classes in three participating public elementary schools in Iceland are eligible participants. All children in public schools in the municipality are equipped with an iPad from 10 years of age.
Minimum Eligible Age
13 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
16 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Sponsors
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University of Iceland
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Locations
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University of Iceland
Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland
Site Status
Countries
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Iceland
References
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Kormendi A. [Smartphone usage among adolescents]. Psychiatr Hung. 2015;30(3):297-302. Hungarian.
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Lawlor, A. & Kirakowski, J. (2014). Online support groups for mental health: A space for challenging self-stigma or a means of social avoidance? Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.11.015
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Radomski AD, Wozney L, McGrath P, Huguet A, Hartling L, Dyson MP, Bennett K, Newton AS. Design and Delivery Features That May Improve the Use of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Anxiety: A Realist Literature Synthesis With a Persuasive Systems Design Perspective. J Med Internet Res. 2019 Feb 5;21(2):e11128. doi: 10.2196/11128.
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Chan, A., Kow, R. & Cheng, J. K. (2017). Adolescents' perceptions on smartphone applications (apps) for health management. Journal of Mobile Technology in Medicine, 6(2), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.7309/jmtm.6.2.6
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Ding D, Lawson KD, Kolbe-Alexander TL, Finkelstein EA, Katzmarzyk PT, van Mechelen W, Pratt M; Lancet Physical Activity Series 2 Executive Committee. The economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2016 Sep 24;388(10051):1311-24. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30383-X. Epub 2016 Jul 28.
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Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305057/
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Kouvari M, Karipidou M, Tsiampalis T, Mamalaki E, Poulimeneas D, Bathrellou E, Panagiotakos D, Yannakoulia M. Digital Health Interventions for Weight Management in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2022 Feb 14;24(2):e30675. doi: 10.2196/30675.
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WHO (2021, June 9th). Obesity and Overweight. World Health Organization. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight#cms
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Meyerowitz-Katz G, Ravi S, Arnolda L, Feng X, Maberly G, Astell-Burt T. Rates of Attrition and Dropout in App-Based Interventions for Chronic Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Sep 29;22(9):e20283. doi: 10.2196/20283.
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Topooco N, Bylehn S, Dahlstrom Nysater E, Holmlund J, Lindegaard J, Johansson S, Aberg L, Bergman Nordgren L, Zetterqvist M, Andersson G. Evaluating the Efficacy of Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Blended With Synchronous Chat Sessions to Treat Adolescent Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2019 Nov 1;21(11):e13393. doi: 10.2196/13393.
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Adelman CB, Panza KE, Bartley CA, Bontempo A, Bloch MH. A meta-analysis of computerized cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of DSM-5 anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014 Jul;75(7):e695-704. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13r08894.
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Maenhout L, Peuters C, Cardon G, Crombez G, DeSmet A, Compernolle S. Nonusage Attrition of Adolescents in an mHealth Promotion Intervention and the Role of Socioeconomic Status: Secondary Analysis of a 2-Arm Cluster-Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2022 May 10;10(5):e36404. doi: 10.2196/36404.
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Twomey C, O'Reilly G, Byrne M, Bury M, White A, Kissane S, McMahon A, Clancy N. A randomized controlled trial of the computerized CBT programme, MoodGYM, for public mental health service users waiting for interventions. Br J Clin Psychol. 2014 Nov;53(4):433-50. doi: 10.1111/bjc.12055. Epub 2014 May 15.
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Melville KM, Casey LM, Kavanagh DJ. Dropout from Internet-based treatment for psychological disorders. Br J Clin Psychol. 2010 Nov;49(Pt 4):455-71. doi: 10.1348/014466509X472138. Epub 2009 Oct 1.
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Mitchell, A. J. & Selmes, T. (2007). Why don't patients attend their appointments? Maintaining engagement with psychiatric services. Advances in psychiatric treatment, 13(6).423-434. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.106.003202
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Vigerland S, Lenhard F, Bonnert M, Lalouni M, Hedman E, Ahlen J, Olen O, Serlachius E, Ljotsson B. Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Dec;50:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.005. Epub 2016 Sep 20.
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Jeminiwa RN, Hohmann NS, Fox BI. Developing a Theoretical Framework for Evaluating the Quality of mHealth Apps for Adolescent Users: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Jul-Aug;24(4):254-269. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-24.4.254.
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BACKGROUND
Palos-Sanchez PR, Saura JR, Rios Martin MA, Aguayo-Camacho M. Toward a Better Understanding of the Intention to Use mHealth Apps: Exploratory Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2021 Sep 9;9(9):e27021. doi: 10.2196/27021.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Nahum-Shani I, Smith SN, Spring BJ, Collins LM, Witkiewitz K, Tewari A, Murphy SA. Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions (JITAIs) in Mobile Health: Key Components and Design Principles for Ongoing Health Behavior Support. Ann Behav Med. 2018 May 18;52(6):446-462. doi: 10.1007/s12160-016-9830-8.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Egilsson E, Bjarnason R, Njardvik U. Usage and Weekly Attrition in a Smartphone-Based Health Behavior Intervention for Adolescents: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Form Res. 2021 Feb 17;5(2):e21432. doi: 10.2196/21432.
Reference Type
RESULT
Bear HA, Ayala Nunes L, DeJesus J, Liverpool S, Moltrecht B, Neelakantan L, Harriss E, Watkins E, Fazel M. Determination of Markers of Successful Implementation of Mental Health Apps for Young People: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2022 Nov 9;24(11):e40347. doi: 10.2196/40347.
Reference Type
RESULT
Egilsson E, Bjarnason R, Njardvik U. Usage and Daily Attrition of a Smartphone-Based Health Behavior Intervention: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2023 Jun 26;11:e45414. doi: 10.2196/45414.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Provided Documents
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Document Type: Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan
Other Identifiers
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UI-2023-mHealth
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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