The Effectiveness of the Copenhagen Adduction Exercise on Soccer Players With Groin Pain or Injury
NCT ID: NCT05589623
Last Updated: 2023-07-06
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
30 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2023-01-15
2023-04-27
Brief Summary
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The main question it aims to answer is:
Does the CAE improve EHAD strength, hip joint ROM, and patient-reported outcome measures among soccer players with groin pain or injury?
Researchers will assess the participants' pre and post-intervention to determine the effects of CAE on adductors strength, hip joint ROM, and Patient-reported outcome measures.
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Detailed Description
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Researchers will allocate a specific number for each participant for randomization. Then, an online website will be applied to randomize these numbers into two groups, intervention and control groups. An independent person not involved in the study will allocate the participants using concealed opaque envelopes.
Study setting:
This study will be held at different physical therapy and rehabilitation clinic, ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
Recruitment and study population:
Participants will be recruited from physical therapy outpatient clinics in the South region.
Participants will be recruited and randomized into two groups, intervention (CAE) and control. Participants assigned to the intervention group will receive the CAE in addition to the regular physical therapy rehabilitation program for eight weeks. Due to the heaviness and the high dynamic demands of CAE, a modified progressive Copenhagen adduction (MPCA) program has been created. The MPCA was adapted from the original CAE to lessen the risk of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and facilitate high participant compliance.
Participants assigned to the control group will receive the same physical therapy rehabilitation program as the intervention group except for the CAE.
Time plan of the study:
Recruitment is expected to commence in January 2023 and conclude in April 2023. After completing the recruitment process, data will be collected for eight weeks. After the last inclusion, the intervention will continue for eight weeks.
Assessment:
An experienced physiotherapist, blinded to the study, will perform all assessments to guarantee that the tests are consistent and that the process is standardized. Assessments will be at baseline and post-intervention. The duration between the baseline assessment and the start of the intervention should not exceed two weeks. After the assessment, every participant will receive the proper group intervention according to his/her randomization. Participants will be told not to reveal their group assignments to the assessor during the study period.
Demographic variables and descriptive:
The investigators will document the following variables: age, sex, height, BMI, Sports level, duration of symptoms, and location of symptoms as recommended by the minimum reporting criteria for clinical research on groin pain in athletes.
Sample size estimation:
The sample size calculation for this study was performed using G\*Power software (v. 3.1, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany), with an alpha level of 0.05 and a power (1-β) of 80%. Based on a previous study examining the effects of exercise therapy on adductor-related groin pain in athletes, it required 15 participants per group to detect an expected between-group difference of 0.15 Nm/kg and a standard deviation (SD) of 0.54 Nm/kg.
Statistical analysis:
All analyses will be performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27. The study's findings will be presented following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). Shapiro-Wilk test will be used to test for normality. The statistical analysis test will be carried out based on the collected data. Demographic data will be presented as mean and standard deviation. The suggested statistical analysis measure will be the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), calculated for each dependent variable. Each repeated measure ANOVA will have one within factor (test: pre and post) and one between factor (group: training and control). Results will be significant at P value \<0.05 and a Confidence Interval (CI) of 95%. A statistician will be consulted for further correction after data collection.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
DOUBLE
Study Groups
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Copenhagen adduction exercise
The CAE is a body-weight exercise that mainly works the groin and hip adductors. It has a significant eccentric component, meaning the muscles work while lengthening. The CAE is a simple isolated eccentric exercise that does not require special equipment. Due to the heaviness and the high dynamic demands of CAE, a modified progressive Copenhagen adduction (MPCA) program has been created. The MPCA exercise was adapted from the original CAE to lessen the risk of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and facilitate high participant compliance. An experienced physical therapist will include the MPCA in the usual rehabilitation program for eight weeks, twice weekly. Sessions will last between 30 and 120 minutes.
Copenhagen adduction exercise
The CAE is a progressive eccentric training program that enhances hip adduction. The fact that exercises are done with a partner and do not require special equipment makes them more useful in a team setting. The MPCA program, adapted from the original CAE, included six progressive levels for eight weeks, beginning with an assisted isometric adduction hold (level 1) and progressing incrementally to a complete CAE as the original exercise (level 6). The progression in levels will depend on a pain score ≤ 4/10 numeric rating scale (NRS) in the adductor squeeze test and post-session DOMS score ≤ 4/10 NRS.
Usual rehabilitation program
The rehabilitation program will be an active exercise based on the available literature and considers the clinical experience in managing groin injuries. An experienced physical therapist will supervise the rehabilitation program for two sessions weekly for eight weeks, with difficulty and volume progressing incrementally. Sessions will last between 30 and 120 minutes.
Usual rehabilitation program
The usual rehabilitation program will include leg swings extension/flexion, leg swings abduction/adduction, standing hip circles, isometric standing hip adduction using elastic bands, stretching exercises, balance training on a wobble board, and single leg coordination exercises. Difficulty and volume are progressing incrementally.
Interventions
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Copenhagen adduction exercise
The CAE is a progressive eccentric training program that enhances hip adduction. The fact that exercises are done with a partner and do not require special equipment makes them more useful in a team setting. The MPCA program, adapted from the original CAE, included six progressive levels for eight weeks, beginning with an assisted isometric adduction hold (level 1) and progressing incrementally to a complete CAE as the original exercise (level 6). The progression in levels will depend on a pain score ≤ 4/10 numeric rating scale (NRS) in the adductor squeeze test and post-session DOMS score ≤ 4/10 NRS.
Usual rehabilitation program
The usual rehabilitation program will include leg swings extension/flexion, leg swings abduction/adduction, standing hip circles, isometric standing hip adduction using elastic bands, stretching exercises, balance training on a wobble board, and single leg coordination exercises. Difficulty and volume are progressing incrementally.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* They have groin pain or injury within two months during sports.
* Pain or tenderness on palpation of adductors in clinical examination.
* Pain on resisted hip adduction movement in clinical examination.
* Desire to continue the sport at the same level.
Exclusion Criteria
* They have any clinical finding indications of femoral or inguinal hernia.
* Evidence of prostatitis, chronic urinary tract disease.
* Evidence of hip joint osteoarthritis or hip joint disease.
* Bursitis of the hip or groin region.
18 Years
40 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Ahmed Alsirhani
Principal Investigator
Principal Investigators
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Qassim Muaidi, Professor
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Locations
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Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Dammam, , Saudi Arabia
Countries
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References
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Delahunt E, Thorborg K, Khan KM, Robinson P, Holmich P, Weir A. Minimum reporting standards for clinical research on groin pain in athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Jun;49(12):775-81. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094839.
Haroy J, Thorborg K, Serner A, Bjorkheim A, Rolstad LE, Holmich P, Bahr R, Andersen TE. Including the Copenhagen Adduction Exercise in the FIFA 11+ Provides Missing Eccentric Hip Adduction Strength Effect in Male Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Nov;45(13):3052-3059. doi: 10.1177/0363546517720194. Epub 2017 Aug 14.
Ishoi L, Sorensen CN, Kaae NM, Jorgensen LB, Holmich P, Serner A. Large eccentric strength increase using the Copenhagen Adduction exercise in football: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016 Nov;26(11):1334-1342. doi: 10.1111/sms.12585. Epub 2015 Nov 21.
Jansen JA, Mens JM, Backx FJ, Kolfschoten N, Stam HJ. Treatment of longstanding groin pain in athletes: a systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008 Jun;18(3):263-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00790.x. Epub 2008 Apr 6.
Mosler AB, Crossley KM, Thorborg K, Whiteley RJ, Weir A, Serner A, Holmich P. Hip strength and range of motion: Normal values from a professional football league. J Sci Med Sport. 2017 Apr;20(4):339-343. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.05.010. Epub 2016 Aug 23.
Serner A, Jakobsen MD, Andersen LL, Holmich P, Sundstrup E, Thorborg K. EMG evaluation of hip adduction exercises for soccer players: implications for exercise selection in prevention and treatment of groin injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2014 Jul;48(14):1108-14. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091746. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
Thorborg K, Holmich P, Christensen R, Petersen J, Roos EM. The Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS): development and validation according to the COSMIN checklist. Br J Sports Med. 2011 May;45(6):478-91. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.080937.
Thorborg K, Tijssen M, Habets B, Bartels EM, Roos EM, Kemp J, Crossley KM, Holmich P. Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) questionnaires for young to middle-aged adults with hip and groin disability: a systematic review of the clinimetric evidence. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Jun;49(12):812. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094224. Epub 2015 Jan 13.
Nussbaumer S, Leunig M, Glatthorn JF, Stauffacher S, Gerber H, Maffiuletti NA. Validity and test-retest reliability of manual goniometers for measuring passive hip range of motion in femoroacetabular impingement patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010 Aug 31;11:194. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-194.
Holmich P, Uhrskou P, Ulnits L, Kanstrup IL, Nielsen MB, Bjerg AM, Krogsgaard K. Effectiveness of active physical training as treatment for long-standing adductor-related groin pain in athletes: randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 Feb 6;353(9151):439-43. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03340-6.
Alsirhani AA, Muaidi QI, Nuhmani S, Thorborg K, Husain MA, Al Attar WSA. The effectiveness of the Copenhagen adduction exercise on improving eccentric hip adduction strength among soccer players with groin injury: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Sportsmed. 2024 Oct;52(5):497-506. doi: 10.1080/00913847.2024.2321958. Epub 2024 Mar 1.
Other Identifiers
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IRB-PGS-2023-03-011
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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