Attentional Focus Instructions and Conscious Movement Processing in Older Adults

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING

Total Enrollment

106 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2022-07-15

Study Completion Date

2024-06-30

Brief Summary

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This study aims to provide a novel scientific contribution through addressing critical knowledge gaps, examining the effects of attentional focus instructions on real-time (state) conscious movement processing propensity, gait parameters, and muscle efficiency in older adults in Hong Kong at risk of falling while walking in a challenging environment. The study results could update our scientific understanding of the mechanisms of conscious movement processing and the interventional effects of attentional focus instructions in older adults. It could ultimately enhance the methodology used for developing the most appropriate psychomotor gait re-education intervention in rehabilitation and provide clear guidelines on the exact attentional focus training that older adults require. Further, it could mitigate the effect of conscious movement processing and risk of falling in older adults.

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Detailed Description

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Conditions

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Fall Injury Walking, Difficulty Gait, Unsteady

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

COHORT

Study Time Perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

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high reinvestor group (HRG)

The participants were divided into two groups, the high reinvestor group (HRG) and the low reinvestor group (LRG), using the conventional median split of their scores on the MSRS-C (Chu \& Wong, 2019; Mak et al., 2020).

Walking trials

Intervention Type OTHER

All participants will complete a series of walking trials. They will first be requested to perform three practice walks followed by three walking trials on a 7.4m straight level-ground firm walkway (GW) and the other three walking trials on a 7.4m straight foam walkway (FW) in a randomised order. The dimension of the foam walkway in the FW will be 8m (length), 0.8m (width), and 0.3m (height). The starting and finishing lines of the FW will be positioned at 0.3m from each side of the FW's edges. Thus, the lengths of the FW and the GW will be identical (i.e., 7.4m). Participants will be asked to walk 7.4m and stop for each walking trial.

After a 10-minute rest break, participants will perform nine walking trials on the GW and the other nine walking trials on the FW, including three repetitions of three different attentional focus instructions (external focus \[EF\], internal focus \[IF\], and no specific focus \[NF\]) in the GW and FW in a randomised order.

low reinvestor group (LRG)

The participants were divided into two groups, the high reinvestor group (HRG) and the low reinvestor group (LRG), using the conventional median split of their scores on the MSRS-C (Chu \& Wong, 2019; Mak et al., 2020).

Walking trials

Intervention Type OTHER

All participants will complete a series of walking trials. They will first be requested to perform three practice walks followed by three walking trials on a 7.4m straight level-ground firm walkway (GW) and the other three walking trials on a 7.4m straight foam walkway (FW) in a randomised order. The dimension of the foam walkway in the FW will be 8m (length), 0.8m (width), and 0.3m (height). The starting and finishing lines of the FW will be positioned at 0.3m from each side of the FW's edges. Thus, the lengths of the FW and the GW will be identical (i.e., 7.4m). Participants will be asked to walk 7.4m and stop for each walking trial.

After a 10-minute rest break, participants will perform nine walking trials on the GW and the other nine walking trials on the FW, including three repetitions of three different attentional focus instructions (external focus \[EF\], internal focus \[IF\], and no specific focus \[NF\]) in the GW and FW in a randomised order.

Interventions

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Walking trials

All participants will complete a series of walking trials. They will first be requested to perform three practice walks followed by three walking trials on a 7.4m straight level-ground firm walkway (GW) and the other three walking trials on a 7.4m straight foam walkway (FW) in a randomised order. The dimension of the foam walkway in the FW will be 8m (length), 0.8m (width), and 0.3m (height). The starting and finishing lines of the FW will be positioned at 0.3m from each side of the FW's edges. Thus, the lengths of the FW and the GW will be identical (i.e., 7.4m). Participants will be asked to walk 7.4m and stop for each walking trial.

After a 10-minute rest break, participants will perform nine walking trials on the GW and the other nine walking trials on the FW, including three repetitions of three different attentional focus instructions (external focus \[EF\], internal focus \[IF\], and no specific focus \[NF\]) in the GW and FW in a randomised order.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* age 65 or above;
* able to walk independently indoor for at least 20 metres without a walking aid.

Exclusion Criteria

* a total score of less than 24 on the MMSE-C (Chiu et al., 1994; Folstein et al., 1975);
* the presence of any untreated cerebral vascular disease, Parkinson's disease, or any other major neurological deficit;
* the presence of an unstable medical condition affecting safety while walking ;
* a history of a major fall incident within the last year;
* a static visual acuity poorer than 20/40 vision (assessed using the Tumbling E eye chart).

Minimum Eligible Age

65 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

99 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes