Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
57 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2021-11-27
2023-03-28
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Objectives:
1. To evaluate the effect of this spiritual intervention on reducing depressive symptoms.
2. To evaluate the effect of spiritual intervention on enhancing hope, meaning in life, self-esteem, and social support.
3. To examine the moderatioon effect of demographic variables on the intervention effect in reducing the depressive and anxiety symptoms, and ennhancing hope, meaning in life, self-esteem, and social support.
4. To examine participant's perspectives on the healing mechanisms of the intervention.
The study is conducted as a randomized-controlled trial using a wait-list control group for comparison. The wait-list control group will receive the intervention after the completion of the post-questionnaire.
The intervention is an 8 session weekly programme. Each weekly session is around 2 hours in length and the content is as below:
1. Spirituality, mental health and depression
2. Connectedness
3. Forgiving and freedom
4. Suffering and transcendence
5. Hope
6. Gratitude
7. Relapse prevention and spiritual growth
8. Wrap-up and celebration
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Spiritual Intervention Programme
The intervention is a 8 weeks' programme. The Christianity approach as the framework for spiritual intervention includes use of Bible verses, prayer, hymns singing, sharing and caring for others (mutual support) within the group.
Through these activities, participants have opportunities to re-build and further develop their connectedness to themselves, to others, to their living, their environment, and to larger meaning and purpose.
Christianity approach as framework for spiritual intervention
Intervention includes use of Bible verses, prayer, hymns singing, sharing and caring for others (mutual support) within the group. Through these activities, participants have opportunities to re-build and further develop their connectedness to themselves, to others, to their living, their environment, and to larger meaning and purpose.
Wait-list Control group
Participants recruited in the waitlist control will be initially tested to generate pre-test scores and will then tested six weeks later which is equivalent to the timespan between the pre-test and post-test for the experimental spiritual programme. In between these two testing sessions, the waitlist control group will not receive any type of spiritual intervention. For ethical reasons, following the second testing session, the participants in the waitlist group will be given the opportunity to participant in the spiritual intervention programme.
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Christianity approach as framework for spiritual intervention
Intervention includes use of Bible verses, prayer, hymns singing, sharing and caring for others (mutual support) within the group. Through these activities, participants have opportunities to re-build and further develop their connectedness to themselves, to others, to their living, their environment, and to larger meaning and purpose.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Religious or non-religious but have no objection to Christian faith rituals;
* Screening by PHQ-9 with score of 5-14 out of 27; and
* Willing to give informed consent and comply with the trial protocol.
Exclusion Criteria
* Significant cognitive impairment that is difficult to follow instructions;
* Lifetime history of psychosis that make the person unable to understand and follow instructions;
* Strong suicidal risk as rated by PHQ-9 item on suicide (score equal or more than 2), those with severe depression and strong suicidal ideas will be referred to seek professional help; and
* Adjustment of medication (antidepressant) within the past 3 months.
18 Years
64 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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City University of Hong Kong
OTHER
Responsible Party
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LEUNG Lai Fun Judy
Principal Investigator
Principal Investigators
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Judy LF LEUNG, PhD(c)
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
City University of Hong Kong
Locations
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City University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, , China
Countries
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References
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Chan WC. Factor structure of the Chinese version of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire among Hong Kong Chinese caregivers. Health Soc Work. 2014 Aug;39(3):135-43. doi: 10.1093/hsw/hlu025.
Brooks, B. D., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). State Hope Scale. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 1-4). TN: Springer International Publishing.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
Li, W., Lukai, Rongjing, D., Dayi, H., & Sheng, L. (2014). GW25-e4488 The value of Chinese version GAD-7 and PHQ-9 to screen anxiety and depression in cardiovascular outpatients. JACC (Journal of the American College of Cardiology), 64(16), C222-C222. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1038
Mak WW, Ng IS, Wong CC. Resilience: enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. J Couns Psychol. 2011 Oct;58(4):610-7. doi: 10.1037/a0025195.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Schmitt DP, Allik J. Simultaneous administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 nations: exploring the universal and culture-specific features of global self-esteem. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2005 Oct;89(4):623-42. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.623.
Smarr KL, Keefer AL. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Nov;63 Suppl 11:S454-66. doi: 10.1002/acr.20556. No abstract available.
Snyder CR, Sympson SC, Ybasco FC, Borders TF, Babyak MA, Higgins RL. Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996 Feb;70(2):321-35. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.321.
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006 May 22;166(10):1092-7. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the Presence of and Search for Meaning in Life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
Wang Y, Wan Q, Huang Z, Huang L, Kong F. Psychometric Properties of Multi-Dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in Chinese Parents of Children with Cerebral Palsy. Front Psychol. 2017 Nov 21;8:2020. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02020. eCollection 2017.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
Other Identifiers
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judyll2222
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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