Glycemic Control After Antenatal Corticosteroids in Women With Pregestational and Gestational Diabetes
NCT ID: NCT04542148
Last Updated: 2025-12-15
Study Results
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Basic Information
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ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
PHASE2
120 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2022-02-10
2026-03-31
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Regardless of treatment group, all women will receive Dexcom G6 Professional CGM for 10 days. The device will be applied by research staff or if desired, by the patient herself, under direct supervision by research staff. The CGM sensor will be applied to the patient's abdomen away from skin folds, where there is hair, near the waistband or areas of scarring, tatoos, irritation or open wounds. An additional waterproof adhesive will be applied to help prevent the sensor from being dislodged and finally the transmitter will be attached. The patient will be provided a handout with instructions for care. The Professional CGM device will ensure both patients and providers are masked to CGM data, which will be used for research purposes only as CGM is not readily available to guide insulin titration in most clinical settings. Capillary blood glucose testing, the method routinely used in clinical practice, will be used to guide insulin titration for each treatment group. Women assigned to the sliding scale insulin group will continue their home insulin regimen and receive supplemental insulin as needed for post-prandial hyperglycemia based on capillary blood glucose testing 4 times daily (fasting and 1-hour post-prandial) for 5 days after ACS. Women assigned to the up-titration of home insulin group will have their home insulin dosages increased based on an algorithm with capillary blood glucose testing 4 times daily and additional sliding scale insulin as needed for post-prandial hyperglycemia. For example, if a woman's baseline insulin regimen includes a total of 70 units of daily insulin (NPH 30 units in the morning (qAM), NPH 10 units at bedtime (qPM), and Aspart 10 units with each meal), then on day 2 after ACS she will receive 50% more or 105 units total (NPH 45 units qAM, NPH 15 units qPM, and Aspart 15 units with each meal). Women assigned to the continuous insulin infusion group will have their home insulin discontinued and receive a continuous insulin infusion based on hourly capillary blood glucose testing for 5 days after ACS. Given the high acuity of insulin infusion management these women will be monitored on L\&D, but women in the other two treatment groups may be managed on L\&D or on the Antepartum unit at the discretion of the primary provider. Regardless of treatment group, all women will be allowed to eat as long as it is deemed safe by the primary provider. If women assigned to receive the sliding scale insulin group or the up-titration of home insulin group are made nil per os (NPO) at any time after enrollment, they will be placed on the continuous insulin infusion per protocol with hourly capillary blood glucose testing. Once a diet is resumed, they will be switched back to the insulin algorithm.
Upon completion of the study intervention, all women will complete the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) to assess satisfaction with their insulin treatment strategy. The DTSQ is one of the most widely used treatment questionnaires as it is internationally validated and approved by the World Health Organization and International Diabetes Federation and available in over 100 different languages. The questionnaire is composed of 8 questions, each of which are scored on a scale ranging from 0 ("very dissatisfied or inconvenient") to 6 ("very satisfied or convenient"). The first section assesses treatment satisfaction and includes 6 questions that ask about 1) satisfaction with treatment, 2) flexibility, 3) convenience, 4) understanding of diabetes, 5) recommend treatment to others, and 6) willingness to continue. The second section consists of 2 questions that assess the burden of hyper- and hypoglycemia. Overall treatment satisfaction is measured by the sum of the scores on the first 6 questions, and a higher score indicates higher satisfaction (maximum score of 36). The DTSQ is particularly well-suited for use in this study because it is able assess treatment satisfaction regardless of the specific treatment method, and it is easy to answer without placing a large burden on patients.
Other than glycemic management during the 5 days after ACS, antenatal care (fetal testing, maternal laboratory evaluation, timing and mode of delivery) will be at the discretion of the primary obstetric provider. Umbilical cord blood will be collected at delivery and stored at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) for analysis at the conclusion of the trial. After birth, all neonates born to women with diabetes have a heelstick performed to measure capillary blood glucose as part of standard of care. Additional neonatal care after birth will be at the discretion of the primary neonatal provider.
Comprehensive baseline maternal data and maternal and neonatal outcomes will be abstracted from the UAB electronic medical record and Professional CGM devices. Additionally, measures of health resource utilization will be collected such as duration of time on labor and delivery, number of capillary blood glucose tests, treatments administered such as insulin, intravenous fluids, and dextrose for hypoglycemia.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
NONE
Study Groups
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Sliding Scale Insulin
Addition of supplemental sliding scale insulin to home insulin regimen for maximum of 5 days after antenatal corticosteroids
Dexcom G6 Professional Continuous Glucose Monitor
Masked Dexcom G6 Pro devices will be worn for 10 days.
Sliding Scale Insulin
After antenatal corticosteroid administration, women will continue to receive long- and short-acting subcutaneous insulin injections as prescribed at home. In addition, they will receive supplemental short-acting insulin using a sliding scale based on postprandial glucose values. Capillary blood glucose values will be measured with fingersticks 4 times daily (fasting and 1-hour postprandial).
Up-Titration of Home Insulin
Increase in home insulin regimen based on standardized algorithm for maximum of 5 days after antenatal corticosteroids
Dexcom G6 Professional Continuous Glucose Monitor
Masked Dexcom G6 Pro devices will be worn for 10 days.
Up-Titration of Home Insulin
After antenatal corticosteroid administration, women will receive long- and short-acting subcutaneous insulin injections at increased dosages compared to that prescribed at home. Insulin will be increased by 30% on the day that they receive their 1st dose of antenatal corticosteroids (day 1), 50% on day 2, 50% on day 3, 30% on day 4, and 15% increase on day 5. On day 6 they will return to their home insulin regimen. Capillary blood glucose values will be measured with fingersticks 4 times daily (fasting and 1-hour postprandial).
Continuous Insulin Infusion
Discontinuation of home insulin regimen and receipt of continuous insulin infusion for maximum of 5 days after antenatal corticosteroids
Dexcom G6 Professional Continuous Glucose Monitor
Masked Dexcom G6 Pro devices will be worn for 10 days.
Continuous Insulin Infusion
After antenatal corticosteroid administration, women will discontinue their home insulin regimen and be placed on a continuous insulin infusion with insulin boluses and titration of infusion rate per institutional L\&D protocol. Capillary blood glucose values will be measured with fingersticks every hour.
Interventions
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Dexcom G6 Professional Continuous Glucose Monitor
Masked Dexcom G6 Pro devices will be worn for 10 days.
Sliding Scale Insulin
After antenatal corticosteroid administration, women will continue to receive long- and short-acting subcutaneous insulin injections as prescribed at home. In addition, they will receive supplemental short-acting insulin using a sliding scale based on postprandial glucose values. Capillary blood glucose values will be measured with fingersticks 4 times daily (fasting and 1-hour postprandial).
Up-Titration of Home Insulin
After antenatal corticosteroid administration, women will receive long- and short-acting subcutaneous insulin injections at increased dosages compared to that prescribed at home. Insulin will be increased by 30% on the day that they receive their 1st dose of antenatal corticosteroids (day 1), 50% on day 2, 50% on day 3, 30% on day 4, and 15% increase on day 5. On day 6 they will return to their home insulin regimen. Capillary blood glucose values will be measured with fingersticks 4 times daily (fasting and 1-hour postprandial).
Continuous Insulin Infusion
After antenatal corticosteroid administration, women will discontinue their home insulin regimen and be placed on a continuous insulin infusion with insulin boluses and titration of infusion rate per institutional L\&D protocol. Capillary blood glucose values will be measured with fingersticks every hour.
Other Intervention Names
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Hospitalized for antenatal corticosteroid administration in anticipation of preterm birth
* Gestational age 23 0/7 weeks - 36 5/7 weeks
* Maternal age 18-50
Exclusion Criteria
* More than 16 hours after 1st dose of antenatal corticosteroids
* Major fetal anomaly
* Triplet or higher order multiple gestation
50 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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University of Alabama at Birmingham
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Ashley N. Battarbee
Assistant Professor
Principal Investigators
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Ashley N Battarbee, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Locations
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University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama, United States
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, Oregon, United States
University of South Carolina Greenville / Prisma Health-Upstate
Greenville, South Carolina, United States
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Houston, Texas, United States
Countries
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References
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Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, Barker LE, Williamson DF. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the US adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul Health Metr. 2010 Oct 22;8:29. doi: 10.1186/1478-7954-8-29.
Crowley PA. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials, 1972 to 1994. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jul;173(1):322-35. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90222-8. No abstract available.
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Amiya RM, Mlunde LB, Ota E, Swa T, Oladapo OT, Mori R. Antenatal Corticosteroids for Reducing Adverse Maternal and Child Outcomes in Special Populations of Women at Risk of Imminent Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Feb 3;11(2):e0147604. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147604. eCollection 2016.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. Practice Bulletin No. 171: Management of Preterm Labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Oct;128(4):e155-64. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001711.
Battarbee AN, Aliaga S, Boggess KA. Management of diabetic women with threatened preterm birth: a survey of Maternal-Fetal Medicine providers. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020 Sep;33(17):2941-2949. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1566307. Epub 2019 Jan 24.
Ramirez-Torres MA, Perez-Monter SE, Espino y Sosa S, Ibarguengoitia-Ochoa F. [Effect of betamethasone in blood glucose levels in pregnant diabetic women at risk of preterm birth]. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2011 Sep;79(9):565-71. Spanish.
Mathiesen ER, Christensen AB, Hellmuth E, Hornnes P, Stage E, Damm P. Insulin dose during glucocorticoid treatment for fetal lung maturation in diabetic pregnancy: test of an algorithm [correction of analgoritm]. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002 Sep;81(9):835-9. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.810906.x.
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Refuerzo JS, Garg A, Rech B, Ramin SM, Vidaeff A, Blackwell SC. Continuous glucose monitoring in diabetic women following antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a pilot study. Am J Perinatol. 2012 May;29(5):335-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1295642. Epub 2011 Nov 17.
Battarbee AN, Anderson SB, Tita ATN, Harper LM. Methods of Glycemic Control and Neonatal Outcomes after Antenatal Corticosteroid Administration among Women with Pregestational Diabetes. Am J Perinatol. 2020 Nov;37(13):1351-1356. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1693717. Epub 2019 Jul 31.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 201: Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Dec;132(6):e228-e248. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002960.
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel; Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, Buchanan TA, Catalano PA, Damm P, Dyer AR, Leiva Ad, Hod M, Kitzmiler JL, Lowe LP, McIntyre HD, Oats JJ, Omori Y, Schmidt MI. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar;33(3):676-82. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1848. No abstract available.
Miracle X, Di Renzo GC, Stark A, Fanaroff A, Carbonell-Estrany X, Saling E; Coordinators Of World Associatin of Perinatal Medicine Prematurity Working Group. Guideline for the use of antenatal corticosteroids for fetal maturation. J Perinat Med. 2008;36(3):191-6. doi: 10.1515/JPM.2008.032.
Feig DS, Donovan LE, Corcoy R, Murphy KE, Amiel SA, Hunt KF, Asztalos E, Barrett JFR, Sanchez JJ, de Leiva A, Hod M, Jovanovic L, Keely E, McManus R, Hutton EK, Meek CL, Stewart ZA, Wysocki T, O'Brien R, Ruedy K, Kollman C, Tomlinson G, Murphy HR; CONCEPTT Collaborative Group. Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 Nov 25;390(10110):2347-2359. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32400-5. Epub 2017 Sep 15.
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Piper JM, Langer O. Does maternal diabetes delay fetal pulmonary maturity? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Mar;168(3 Pt 1):783-6. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(12)90819-4.
Piper JM, Xenakis EM, Langer O. Delayed appearance of pulmonary maturation markers is associated with poor glucose control in diabetic pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Med. 1998 May-Jun;7(3):148-53. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6661(199805/06)7:33.0.CO;2-K.
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Other Identifiers
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300005848
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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