Virtual Reality Use in Assisted Reproductive Technology
NCT ID: NCT04394962
Last Updated: 2024-03-07
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
350 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2019-05-31
Study Completion Date
2023-08-01
Brief Summary
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The study will examine the effect of exposure to virtual reality on stress levels and pregnancy rates, in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization embryo transfer
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Detailed Description
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In vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment involving ovarian stimulation, oocyte retrieval and embryo transfer (ET) is an effective treatment for various causes of infertility. Despite advances in ovarian stimulation regimens and laboratory conditions, many IVF cycles do not result in pregnancy, and repeated treatment cycles are required. According to the latest Assisted reproductive technology (ART) surveillance report in the United states, of 143,286 procedures that progressed to the ET stage, 50.9% resulted in a pregnancy and 41.4% in a live-birth. Achieving higher pregnancy and live birth rates remains a leading priority of IVF units worldwide. Both IVF practitioners and patients keep searching for new ways to improve reproductive outcomes.
IVF is a multidimensional stressor. The treatment itself constitutes the primary stressor and is most likely to evoke anxiety. The highest anxiety scores were experienced before embryo transfer and were comparable to anxiety scores obtained from surgical female patients in the immediate preoperative period. Hence, it is not surprising that ET is defined by many investigators as a crucial event for determining IVF outcome, and many patients perceive it as the culmination of the IVF treatment. The stress this procedure may cause can result in a variety of autonomous nervous system expressions, altered uterine gene expression, resulting in decreased uterine receptivity, or an increase in uterine contraction frequency, which may be inversely correlated to embryo implantation and pregnancy rates in IVF. Several studies found that women who did not become pregnant with IVF, reported experiencing more stress during treatment than those who achieved pregnancy.
Although the exact mechanism whereby stress interferes with reproductive processes is not fully understood, experimental evidence increasingly indicates that lower stress levels result in better fertility treatment outcome.
The use of complementary medicine or adjuvant therapies to reduce psychological stress during ART therapy and improve IVF outcomes is increasing. Various alternative therapies have been proposed to improve reproductive outcomes during IVF treatment, such as acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicines. However, the impact of these therapies on IVF outcomes was inconclusive.
The impact of medical clowning as a stress-reducing technique for 12-15 minutes after ET was found to increase the pregnancy rate - 36.4% in the intervention group compared with 20.2% in the control group. Other interventions, specifically prior or during the IVF-ET procedure itself have been studied in the context of improving cycle outcome and/or reducing anxiety levels.
In order to assess anxiety levels before and after interventions, most of these studies included the validated "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory" (STAI) questionnaire, which is a self-assessment questionnaire, consisting of 40 items rated on 4-point Likert scale. The scale consists of two sub-dimensions: the "state anxiety" has 20 items and is used to determine what is felt at a specific moment under certain conditions, and the "trait anxiety" has 20 items and is used to determine what has been felt in the last seven days. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety. Other studies assessing stress related to ET procedure used salivary a-amylase (SAA). SAA measurement presents a non-invasive and a highly reliable indicator of sympathetic-adrenal medullary activity can be used as a physiologic indicator of the acute stress response.
The impact of hypnosis during ET on the outcome of IVF was studied in 89 patients, compared with controls. The results suggested that the use of hypnosis during ET may significantly improve the IVF-ET cycle outcome in terms of increased implantation rates (IR) and clinical pregnancy rates (CPR).
Harp therapy during ET of 90 IVF patients was found to significantly decrease levels of anxiety post transfer and having a positive effect on acute levels of stress, compared with controls. However, CPR was comparable between the harp group and the control group. Another study assessed the effectiveness of a deep relaxation massage therapy prior to frozen ET in 56 IVF patients. In patients using the massage therapy prior to ET, statistically significant increases in pregnancy and live birth rates were observed when compared with the control group (58.9% vs 41.7%, and 32.0% vs 20.3%, respectively). The researchers hypothesized these improvements were most likely due to a relaxing effect on patients and reduction in stress, leading to a reduction in uterine contractions.
A recent randomized controlled trial assessed the effect of music therapy in women undergoing IVF-ET. They examined the effect of music therapy before and after ET, on the anxiety levels and pregnancy rates in 89 IVF patients. The mean state anxiety scores decreased in both groups, however these changes did not reach statistical significance. CPR were comparable between the groups.
Virtual reality (VR) is a therapeutic approach which has been gaining attention over the past two decades for both medical and psychiatric purposes. VR is an advanced technological system that allows users to be transported into a 'virtual world'. Users are engaged in a fully immersive VR experience through a combination of technologies, including a head-mounted display, headphones with sound/music and noise reduction, and another device for manipulation/navigation of the virtual environment. Multimodal stimuli contribute to a sense of actual presence/immersion in the virtual world, thus making the VR experience distinct from a passive visual or auditory stimuli. Being a safe, non-invasive and easy to use technique, VR therapy has been explored for numerous health applications, showing positive outcomes in clinical conditions such as anxiety disorders, addictions, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, stroke rehabilitation, and pain management. A recent systematic review including 11 VR studies and 467 patients, concluded that VR's immersive, entertaining effects are useful for redirecting the patient's attention away from painful treatment experiences and reducing anxiety, discomfort, or unpleasantness. Other studies also showed a significant decrease in pain perception and state anxiety scores when treated with VR, as indicated by anxiety questionnaires, pulse rate reduction, and electroencephalogram (EEG) changes when treated with VR as compared with controls, all supporting the therapeutic potential of VR for anxiety management and stress reduction.
A study presented at the 2018 anesthesia congress in Europe (Unpublished data) compared the effect of two different VR sessions (distraction and hypnosis) before sedation, on the anxiety level and the following cycle outcomes in 100 IVF patients. The preliminary results of the study showed a reduction in the anxiety scores in both groups, however the differences between the groups did not reach statistical significance.
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of VR technology on the most stressful event during IVF-the transfer of embryos into the uterus. The investigators will use the STAI questionnaire to assess levels of anxiety experienced during the ET procedure, in participants exposed to VR session before the ET, compared with participants who are not exposed.
The investigators hypothesize that the use of this unique technology before the procedure may reduce stress levels and consequently improve implantation and pregnancy rates.
According to a recent literature review, there are no published studies examining the effect of VR prior to ET on IVF outcomes.
IVF is a multidimensional stressor. The treatment itself constitutes the primary stressor and is most likely to evoke anxiety. The highest anxiety scores were experienced before embryo transfer and were comparable to anxiety scores obtained from surgical female patients in the immediate preoperative period. Hence, it is not surprising that ET is defined by many investigators as a crucial event for determining IVF outcome, and many patients perceive it as the culmination of the IVF treatment. The stress this procedure may cause can result in a variety of autonomous nervous system expressions, altered uterine gene expression, resulting in decreased uterine receptivity, or an increase in uterine contraction frequency, which may be inversely correlated to embryo implantation and pregnancy rates in IVF. Several studies found that women who did not become pregnant with IVF, reported experiencing more stress during treatment than those who achieved pregnancy.
Although the exact mechanism whereby stress interferes with reproductive processes is not fully understood, experimental evidence increasingly indicates that lower stress levels result in better fertility treatment outcome.
The use of complementary medicine or adjuvant therapies to reduce psychological stress during ART therapy and improve IVF outcomes is increasing. Various alternative therapies have been proposed to improve reproductive outcomes during IVF treatment, such as acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicines. However, the impact of these therapies on IVF outcomes was inconclusive.
The impact of medical clowning as a stress-reducing technique for 12-15 minutes after ET was found to increase the pregnancy rate - 36.4% in the intervention group compared with 20.2% in the control group. Other interventions, specifically prior or during the IVF-ET procedure itself have been studied in the context of improving cycle outcome and/or reducing anxiety levels.
In order to assess anxiety levels before and after interventions, most of these studies included the validated "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory" (STAI) questionnaire, which is a self-assessment questionnaire, consisting of 40 items rated on 4-point Likert scale. The scale consists of two sub-dimensions: the "state anxiety" has 20 items and is used to determine what is felt at a specific moment under certain conditions, and the "trait anxiety" has 20 items and is used to determine what has been felt in the last seven days. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety. Other studies assessing stress related to ET procedure used salivary a-amylase (SAA). SAA measurement presents a non-invasive and a highly reliable indicator of sympathetic-adrenal medullary activity can be used as a physiologic indicator of the acute stress response.
The impact of hypnosis during ET on the outcome of IVF was studied in 89 patients, compared with controls. The results suggested that the use of hypnosis during ET may significantly improve the IVF-ET cycle outcome in terms of increased implantation rates (IR) and clinical pregnancy rates (CPR).
Harp therapy during ET of 90 IVF patients was found to significantly decrease levels of anxiety post transfer and having a positive effect on acute levels of stress, compared with controls. However, CPR was comparable between the harp group and the control group. Another study assessed the effectiveness of a deep relaxation massage therapy prior to frozen ET in 56 IVF patients. In patients using the massage therapy prior to ET, statistically significant increases in pregnancy and live birth rates were observed when compared with the control group (58.9% vs 41.7%, and 32.0% vs 20.3%, respectively). The researchers hypothesized these improvements were most likely due to a relaxing effect on patients and reduction in stress, leading to a reduction in uterine contractions.
A recent randomized controlled trial assessed the effect of music therapy in women undergoing IVF-ET. They examined the effect of music therapy before and after ET, on the anxiety levels and pregnancy rates in 89 IVF patients. The mean state anxiety scores decreased in both groups, however these changes did not reach statistical significance. CPR were comparable between the groups.
Virtual reality (VR) is a therapeutic approach which has been gaining attention over the past two decades for both medical and psychiatric purposes. VR is an advanced technological system that allows users to be transported into a 'virtual world'. Users are engaged in a fully immersive VR experience through a combination of technologies, including a head-mounted display, headphones with sound/music and noise reduction, and another device for manipulation/navigation of the virtual environment. Multimodal stimuli contribute to a sense of actual presence/immersion in the virtual world, thus making the VR experience distinct from a passive visual or auditory stimuli. Being a safe, non-invasive and easy to use technique, VR therapy has been explored for numerous health applications, showing positive outcomes in clinical conditions such as anxiety disorders, addictions, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, stroke rehabilitation, and pain management. A recent systematic review including 11 VR studies and 467 patients, concluded that VR's immersive, entertaining effects are useful for redirecting the patient's attention away from painful treatment experiences and reducing anxiety, discomfort, or unpleasantness. Other studies also showed a significant decrease in pain perception and state anxiety scores when treated with VR, as indicated by anxiety questionnaires, pulse rate reduction, and electroencephalogram (EEG) changes when treated with VR as compared with controls, all supporting the therapeutic potential of VR for anxiety management and stress reduction.
A study presented at the 2018 anesthesia congress in Europe (Unpublished data) compared the effect of two different VR sessions (distraction and hypnosis) before sedation, on the anxiety level and the following cycle outcomes in 100 IVF patients. The preliminary results of the study showed a reduction in the anxiety scores in both groups, however the differences between the groups did not reach statistical significance.
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of VR technology on the most stressful event during IVF-the transfer of embryos into the uterus. The investigators will use the STAI questionnaire to assess levels of anxiety experienced during the ET procedure, in participants exposed to VR session before the ET, compared with participants who are not exposed.
The investigators hypothesize that the use of this unique technology before the procedure may reduce stress levels and consequently improve implantation and pregnancy rates.
According to a recent literature review, there are no published studies examining the effect of VR prior to ET on IVF outcomes.
Conditions
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IVF Outcomes
Stress Levels
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
OTHER
Blinding Strategy
SINGLE
Caregivers
The Physician performing the embryo transfer will be blinded to the patient's group randomization
Study Groups
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Control group
Patients who will be randomized to the control group will be waiting for the ET procedure without any intervention and without any deviation from the standard of care
Group Type
NO_INTERVENTION
No interventions assigned to this group
Study group
Exposure to virtual reality environment exposure
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Virtual reality
Intervention Type
DEVICE
Patients randomized to the study group, will be provided with the VR headset and sensors. The VR exposure will take place before the ET procedure, during their routine pre-transfer waiting period, in a private room. The patient will be able to choose between three different calming VR environments (3 scenes: beach sunset, palm tree patio or redwood forest) and will be exposed to the chosen VR environment for a continuous duration of 15-30 minutes. The VR exposure will be passive, and the patient can control her observation inside the environment by herself, simply by moving her head. During this period, at any time and for any reason, the patient can discontinue the use of the VR session simply by self-removing the helmet
Interventions
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Virtual reality
Patients randomized to the study group, will be provided with the VR headset and sensors. The VR exposure will take place before the ET procedure, during their routine pre-transfer waiting period, in a private room. The patient will be able to choose between three different calming VR environments (3 scenes: beach sunset, palm tree patio or redwood forest) and will be exposed to the chosen VR environment for a continuous duration of 15-30 minutes. The VR exposure will be passive, and the patient can control her observation inside the environment by herself, simply by moving her head. During this period, at any time and for any reason, the patient can discontinue the use of the VR session simply by self-removing the helmet
Intervention Type
DEVICE
Other Intervention Names
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"Oculus Rift" system
Immersive environment
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* 21-45-year-old female patients, if using own ovum. Patients above this age range may be approached for study if using a donated ovum, as long as "egg age" (age of donor at ovum pick up) falls in 21-45 age range.
* Undergoing frozen ET procedures, and approached for study on "Day 2 - Day 4" of ET transfer cycle.
* Ability to provide written consent to use VR technology before the ET procedure
* Undergoing frozen ET procedures, and approached for study on "Day 2 - Day 4" of ET transfer cycle.
* Ability to provide written consent to use VR technology before the ET procedure
Exclusion Criteria
* Contraindication to use VR technology (Epilepsy/previous seizure, claustrophobia, current migraine, heart disease, visual and/or auditory deficits/use of medical devices such as cardiac pacemaker or hearing aids)
* Anxiety disorder and/or Regular use of anti-anxiety medications
* Major uterine anomalies and/or uterine fibroids distorting the cavity
* Anxiety disorder and/or Regular use of anti-anxiety medications
* Major uterine anomalies and/or uterine fibroids distorting the cavity
Minimum Eligible Age
21 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
54 Years
Eligible Sex
FEMALE
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Sponsors
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Dr cliff Librach
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Dr cliff Librach
Clifford Librach, MD, FRCS(C), FACOG(REI), Director of the Create Fertility Centre, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto
Responsibility Role
SPONSOR_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Clifford Librach, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
CReATe Fertility Centre
Locations
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Create Fertility Centre
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Site Status
Countries
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Canada
References
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Sunderam S, Kissin DM, Crawford SB, Folger SG, Boulet SL, Warner L, Barfield WD. Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance - United States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2018 Feb 16;67(3):1-28. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6703a1.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Porat-Katz A, Eldar-Geva T, Kahane A, Laufer N, Younis JS, Radin O, Paltiel O. Use of complementary medical therapies by Israeli patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015 May;129(2):133-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.11.021. Epub 2015 Feb 7.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Verhaak CM, Smeenk JM, Evers AW, Kremer JA, Kraaimaat FW, Braat DD. Women's emotional adjustment to IVF: a systematic review of 25 years of research. Hum Reprod Update. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1):27-36. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dml040. Epub 2006 Aug 29.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Yong P, Martin C, Thong J. A comparison of psychological functioning in women at different stages of in vitro fertilization treatment using the mean affect adjective check list. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2000 Nov;17(10):553-6. doi: 10.1023/a:1026429712794.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kondoh E, Okamoto T, Higuchi T, Tatsumi K, Baba T, Murphy SK, Takakura K, Konishi I, Fujii S. Stress affects uterine receptivity through an ovarian-independent pathway. Hum Reprod. 2009 Apr;24(4):945-53. doi: 10.1093/humrep/den461. Epub 2008 Dec 20.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Levitas E, Parmet A, Lunenfeld E, Bentov Y, Burstein E, Friger M, Potashnik G. Impact of hypnosis during embryo transfer on the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer: a case-control study. Fertil Steril. 2006 May;85(5):1404-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.10.035. Epub 2006 Mar 29.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Fanchin R, Righini C, de Ziegler D, Olivennes F, Ledee N, Frydman R. Effects of vaginal progesterone administration on uterine contractility at the time of embryo transfer. Fertil Steril. 2001 Jun;75(6):1136-40. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01787-3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Fanchin R, Righini C, Olivennes F, Taylor S, de Ziegler D, Frydman R. Uterine contractions at the time of embryo transfer alter pregnancy rates after in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod. 1998 Jul;13(7):1968-74. doi: 10.1093/humrep/13.7.1968.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Zhu L, Che HS, Xiao L, Li YP. Uterine peristalsis before embryo transfer affects the chance of clinical pregnancy in fresh and frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles. Hum Reprod. 2014 Jun;29(6):1238-43. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu058. Epub 2014 Mar 23.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Boivin J, Takefman JE. Stress level across stages of in vitro fertilization in subsequently pregnant and nonpregnant women. Fertil Steril. 1995 Oct;64(4):802-10. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57858-3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Csemiczky G, Landgren BM, Collins A. The influence of stress and state anxiety on the outcome of IVF-treatment: psychological and endocrinological assessment of Swedish women entering IVF-treatment. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000 Feb;79(2):113-8. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2000.079002113.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Eugster A, Vingerhoets AJ, van Heck GL, Merkus JM. The effect of episodic anxiety on an in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment outcome: a pilot study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2004 Mar;25(1):57-65. doi: 10.1080/01674820410001737441.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Friedler S, Glasser S, Azani L, Freedman LS, Raziel A, Strassburger D, Ron-El R, Lerner-Geva L. The effect of medical clowning on pregnancy rates after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Fertil Steril. 2011 May;95(6):2127-30. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.12.016. Epub 2011 Jan 6.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Manheimer E, van der Windt D, Cheng K, Stafford K, Liu J, Tierney J, Lao L, Berman BM, Langenberg P, Bouter LM. The effects of acupuncture on rates of clinical pregnancy among women undergoing in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2013 Nov-Dec;19(6):696-713. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmt026. Epub 2013 Jun 27.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Qian Y, Xia XR, Ochin H, Huang C, Gao C, Gao L, Cui YG, Liu JY, Meng Y. Therapeutic effect of acupuncture on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017 Mar;295(3):543-558. doi: 10.1007/s00404-016-4255-y. Epub 2016 Dec 19.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Wang X, Lin H, Chen M, Wang J, Jin Y. Effect of acupuncture on in vitro fertilization: An updated systematic review and data mining protocol. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Jun;97(24):e10998. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010998.
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BACKGROUND
Villahermosa DI, Santos LG, Nogueira MB, Vilarino FL, Barbosa CP. Influence of acupuncture on the outcomes of in vitro fertilisation when embryo implantation has failed: a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial. Acupunct Med. 2013 Jun;31(2):157-61. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2012-010269. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
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BACKGROUND
Spielberger CD. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI (form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. 1983.
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BACKGROUND
Murphy EM, Nichols J, Somkuti SG, Sobel M, Braverman A, Barmat LI. Randomized trial of harp therapy during in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2014 Apr;19(2):93-8. doi: 10.1177/2156587213514054. Epub 2013 Dec 18.
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BACKGROUND
Cheung C, Saravelos SH, Chan T, Sahota DS, Wang CC, Chung PW, Li TC. A prospective observational study on the stress levels at the time of embryo transfer and pregnancy testing following in vitro fertilisation treatment: a comparison between women with different treatment outcomes. BJOG. 2019 Jan;126(2):271-279. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15434. Epub 2018 Sep 25.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Saravelos SH, Wong AW, Kong GW, Huang J, Klitzman R, Li TC. Pain during embryo transfer is independently associated with clinical pregnancy in fresh/frozen assisted reproductive technology cycles. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016 Jun;42(6):684-93. doi: 10.1111/jog.12962. Epub 2016 Feb 24.
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BACKGROUND
McKay KA, Buen JE, Bohan KJ, Maye JP. Determining the relationship of acute stress, anxiety, and salivary alpha-amylase level with performance of student nurse anesthetists during human-based anesthesia simulator training. AANA J. 2010 Aug;78(4):301-9.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Aba YA, Avci D, Guzel Y, Ozcelik SK, Gurtekin B. Effect of music therapy on the anxiety levels and pregnancy rate of women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer: A randomized controlled trial. Appl Nurs Res. 2017 Aug;36:19-24. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2017.05.005. Epub 2017 May 22.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Okhowat J, Murtinger M, Schuff M, Wogatzky J, Spitzer D, Vanderzwalmen P, Wirleitner B, Zech NH. Massage therapy improves in vitro fertilization outcome in patients undergoing blastocyst transfer in a cryo-cycle. Altern Ther Health Med. 2015 Mar-Apr;21(2):16-22.
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BACKGROUND
Mahrer NE, Gold JI. The use of virtual reality for pain control: a review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009 Apr;13(2):100-9. doi: 10.1007/s11916-009-0019-8.
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BACKGROUND
Li A, Montano Z, Chen VJ, Gold JI. Virtual reality and pain management: current trends and future directions. Pain Manag. 2011 Mar;1(2):147-157. doi: 10.2217/pmt.10.15.
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BACKGROUND
Niharika P, Reddy NV, Srujana P, Srikanth K, Daneswari V, Geetha KS. Effects of distraction using virtual reality technology on pain perception and anxiety levels in children during pulp therapy of primary molars. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2018 Oct-Dec;36(4):364-369. doi: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_1158_17.
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BACKGROUND
Garrett B, Taverner T, Gromala D, Tao G, Cordingley E, Sun C. Virtual Reality Clinical Research: Promises and Challenges. JMIR Serious Games. 2018 Oct 17;6(4):e10839. doi: 10.2196/10839.
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BACKGROUND
Dascal J, Reid M, IsHak WW, Spiegel B, Recacho J, Rosen B, Danovitch I. Virtual Reality and Medical Inpatients: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Trials. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2017 Feb 1;14(1-2):14-21. eCollection 2017 Jan-Feb.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gershon J, Zimand E, Lemos R, Rothbaum BO, Hodges L. Use of virtual reality as a distractor for painful procedures in a patient with pediatric cancer: a case study. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2003 Dec;6(6):657-61. doi: 10.1089/109493103322725450.
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BACKGROUND
Tarrant J, Viczko J, Cope H. Virtual Reality for Anxiety Reduction Demonstrated by Quantitative EEG: A Pilot Study. Front Psychol. 2018 Jul 24;9:1280. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01280. eCollection 2018.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Patterson DR, Tininenko JR, Schmidt AE, Sharar SR. Virtual reality hypnosis: a case report. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2004 Jan;52(1):27-38. doi: 10.1076/iceh.52.1.27.23925.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
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CL1E
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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