Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
Get a concise snapshot of the trial, including recruitment status, study phase, enrollment targets, and key timeline milestones.
RECRUITING
NA
700 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2016-02-19
2025-12-06
Brief Summary
Review the sponsor-provided synopsis that highlights what the study is about and why it is being conducted.
Related Clinical Trials
Explore similar clinical trials based on study characteristics and research focus.
Virtual Reality to Reduce Pre-Operative Anxiety
NCT04268914
VR to Reduce Pain/Anxiety During IV Starts
NCT04942561
Pain Elimination and Anxiety Control Through Experiential Virtual Reality
NCT06504602
Comparison of Virtual Reality to Tablet-based Distraction in Children
NCT04414501
Gurney Journey: Virtual Reality Distraction
NCT06283108
Detailed Description
Dive into the extended narrative that explains the scientific background, objectives, and procedures in greater depth.
Conditions
See the medical conditions and disease areas that this research is targeting or investigating.
Study Design
Understand how the trial is structured, including allocation methods, masking strategies, primary purpose, and other design elements.
RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
NONE
Study Groups
Review each arm or cohort in the study, along with the interventions and objectives associated with them.
Standard of Care (No VR) Randomization
In the standard of care treatment condition, participants will receive the standard CHLA treatment protocol for the medical procedure.
No interventions assigned to this group
VR Randomization
Children in the VR condition will undergo the invasive procedure while distracted by interaction with an immersive virtual environment (VE) presented via a head mounted display (HMD). The intervention group will receive standard CHLA treatment with VR distraction.
Samsung Gear VR
Participants 13 -21 years old can use the Samsung Gear VR. The VE to be used in this study is mobile based (Samsung with the Gear VR) and has active matrix LCDs with high pixel resolution, creating a bright, vibrant color and a quality image. The VR game is equipped with a head-tracking system, enabling the player to look around the virtual environment. In addition, there is the option to interact with the VR environment using a tap pad located on the side of the helmet. Therefore, the child will be receiving distraction via 3-D visual and auditory sensory, and tactile feedback, thus supplying a multi-sensory immersive experience. While wearing these glasses, the children only can see the HMD screen so that the immersion and presence will be increased. The VR glasses will be sanitized before every use so that the chance of infection will be minimized.
Merge VR
Participants 10-21 years can use the Merge. The VE to be used in this study is mobile based (Pixel with the Merge) and has active matrix LCDs with high pixel resolution, creating a bright, vibrant color and a quality image. The VR game is equipped with a head-tracking system, enabling the player to look around the virtual environment. In addition, there is the option to interact with the VR environment using a tap pad located on the side of the helmet. Therefore, the child will be receiving distraction via 3-D visual and auditory sensory, and tactile feedback, thus supplying a multi-sensory immersive experience. While wearing these glasses, the children only can see the HMD screen so that the immersion and presence will be increased. The VR glasses will be sanitized before every use so that the chance of infection will be minimized.
Oculus Go
Participants 7-21 years can use the Oculus Go. The visual a bright, vibrant color and a quality image. The VR game is equipped with a head-tracking system, enabling the player to look around the virtual environment. In addition, there is the option to interact with the VR environment using a handheld remote. Therefore, the child will be receiving distraction via 3-D visual and auditory sensory, and tactile feedback, thus supplying a multi-sensory immersive experience. While wearing these glasses, the children only can see the HMD screen so that the immersion and presence will be increased. The VR glasses will be sanitized before every use so that the chance of infection will be minimized.
Interventions
Learn about the drugs, procedures, or behavioral strategies being tested and how they are applied within this trial.
Samsung Gear VR
Participants 13 -21 years old can use the Samsung Gear VR. The VE to be used in this study is mobile based (Samsung with the Gear VR) and has active matrix LCDs with high pixel resolution, creating a bright, vibrant color and a quality image. The VR game is equipped with a head-tracking system, enabling the player to look around the virtual environment. In addition, there is the option to interact with the VR environment using a tap pad located on the side of the helmet. Therefore, the child will be receiving distraction via 3-D visual and auditory sensory, and tactile feedback, thus supplying a multi-sensory immersive experience. While wearing these glasses, the children only can see the HMD screen so that the immersion and presence will be increased. The VR glasses will be sanitized before every use so that the chance of infection will be minimized.
Merge VR
Participants 10-21 years can use the Merge. The VE to be used in this study is mobile based (Pixel with the Merge) and has active matrix LCDs with high pixel resolution, creating a bright, vibrant color and a quality image. The VR game is equipped with a head-tracking system, enabling the player to look around the virtual environment. In addition, there is the option to interact with the VR environment using a tap pad located on the side of the helmet. Therefore, the child will be receiving distraction via 3-D visual and auditory sensory, and tactile feedback, thus supplying a multi-sensory immersive experience. While wearing these glasses, the children only can see the HMD screen so that the immersion and presence will be increased. The VR glasses will be sanitized before every use so that the chance of infection will be minimized.
Oculus Go
Participants 7-21 years can use the Oculus Go. The visual a bright, vibrant color and a quality image. The VR game is equipped with a head-tracking system, enabling the player to look around the virtual environment. In addition, there is the option to interact with the VR environment using a handheld remote. Therefore, the child will be receiving distraction via 3-D visual and auditory sensory, and tactile feedback, thus supplying a multi-sensory immersive experience. While wearing these glasses, the children only can see the HMD screen so that the immersion and presence will be increased. The VR glasses will be sanitized before every use so that the chance of infection will be minimized.
Eligibility Criteria
Check the participation requirements, including inclusion and exclusion rules, age limits, and whether healthy volunteers are accepted.
Inclusion Criteria
2. Children who are English speaking (caregivers may be Spanish English speaking or Spanish speaking)
3. Children who are undergoing a painful medical procedure (e.g., venipuncture, IV placement, PICC lines, wound care, cast removal, botox injections) are eligible to participate in this project.
4. Only children who are in the normal range of development will be recruited for this study. This will be assessed by report from the parents. The rationale for excluding patients with developmental delay is that due to their cognitive impairments, such children react to the stressors of surgery differently than do children without such developmental delay. It is unclear how such children would use the interventions included in this study, and it is likely that their responses on baseline and outcome measures will differ from children of normal developmental parameters.
1. Healthcare providers must be 18 years old or older
2. Healthcare providers must be Children's Hospital Los Angeles staff
3. Healthcare providers may participate if they have witnessed and/or administered the medical procedure
Exclusion Criteria
2. Children with a psychiatric disorder, organic brain syndrome, mental retardation, or other known cognitive/neurological disorders
3. Children with visual, auditory, or tactile deficits that would interfere with the ability to complete the experimental tasks
4. Children with a history of seizure disorder.
5. Children currently sick with flu-like symptoms or experiencing a headache or earache.
6. Children with known or suspected motion sickness
7 Years
21 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
Meet the organizations funding or collaborating on the study and learn about their roles.
AppliedVR Inc.
INDUSTRY
Children's Hospital Los Angeles
OTHER
Responsible Party
Identify the individual or organization who holds primary responsibility for the study information submitted to regulators.
Jeffrey I Gold, PhD
Professor of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences
Principal Investigators
Learn about the lead researchers overseeing the trial and their institutional affiliations.
Jeffrey I Gold, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Children's Hospital Los Angeles
Locations
Explore where the study is taking place and check the recruitment status at each participating site.
Children's Hospital Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California, United States
Countries
Review the countries where the study has at least one active or historical site.
Central Contacts
Reach out to these primary contacts for questions about participation or study logistics.
Facility Contacts
Find local site contact details for specific facilities participating in the trial.
References
Explore related publications, articles, or registry entries linked to this study.
Rothbaum BO, Hodges L, Kooper R. Virtual reality exposure therapy. J Psychother Pract Res. 1997 Summer;6(3):219-26.
Schneider SM, Workman ML. Effects of virtual reality on symptom distress in children receiving chemotherapy. Cyberpsychol Behav. 1999;2(2):125-34. doi: 10.1089/cpb.1999.2.125.
Riva G, Bacchetta M, Baruffi M, Rinaldi S, Molinari E. Experiential cognitive therapy: a VR based approach for the assessment and treatment of eating disorders. Stud Health Technol Inform. 1998;58:120-35.
Stanton, D., Foreman, N., Wilson, P., & Duffy, H. (2002). Use of virtual environments to acquire spatial understanding of real world multi-level environments. 13-19. Paper presented at Fourth International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies (ICDVRAT), Vesprem, Hungary.
Parsons TD, Bowerly T, Buckwalter JG, Rizzo AA. A controlled clinical comparison of attention performance in children with ADHD in a virtual reality classroom compared to standard neuropsychological methods. Child Neuropsychol. 2007 Jul;13(4):363-81. doi: 10.1080/13825580600943473.
McComas, J., Pivik, J., & Laflamme, M. (1998). Children's transfer of spatial learning from virtual reality to real environments. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.121
Pugnetti L, Mendozzi L, Barbieri E, Motta A. VR experience with neurological patients: basic cost/benefit issues. Stud Health Technol Inform. 1998;58:243-8.
Hoffman HG, Patterson DR, Carrougher GJ, Sharar SR. Effectiveness of virtual reality-based pain control with multiple treatments. Clin J Pain. 2001 Sep;17(3):229-35. doi: 10.1097/00002508-200109000-00007.
Mahrer NE, Gold JI. The use of virtual reality for pain control: a review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009 Apr;13(2):100-9. doi: 10.1007/s11916-009-0019-8.
Malloy KM, Milling LS. The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for pain reduction: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Dec;30(8):1011-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.001. Epub 2010 Jul 13.
Birnie KA, Noel M, Parker JA, Chambers CT, Uman LS, Kisely SR, McGrath PJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of distraction and hypnosis for needle-related pain and distress in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014 Sep;39(8):783-808. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsu029. Epub 2014 Jun 2.
Cohen LL, Rodrigues NP, Lim CS, Bearden DJ, Welkom JS, Joffe NE, McGrath PJ, Cousins LA. Automated parent-training for preschooler immunization pain relief: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol. 2015 Jun;40(5):526-34. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsu162. Epub 2015 Jan 30.
MacLaren JE, Cohen LL. A comparison of distraction strategies for venipuncture distress in children. J Pediatr Psychol. 2005 Jul-Aug;30(5):387-96. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsi062. Epub 2005 Feb 23.
Taddio A, Goldbach M, Ipp M, Stevens B, Koren G. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys. Lancet. 1995 Feb 4;345(8945):291-2. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90278-3.
Fradet C, McGrath PJ, Kay J, Adams S, Luke B. A prospective survey of reactions to blood tests by children and adolescents. Pain. 1990 Jan;40(1):53-60. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(90)91050-S.
Van Cleve L, Johnson L, Pothier P. Pain responses of hospitalized infants and children to venipuncture and intravenous cannulation. J Pediatr Nurs. 1996 Jun;11(3):161-8. doi: 10.1016/S0882-5963(96)80049-2.
Hoffman HG, Garcia-Palacios A, Patterson DR, Jensen M, Furness T 3rd, Ammons WF Jr. The effectiveness of virtual reality for dental pain control: a case study. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2001 Aug;4(4):527-35. doi: 10.1089/109493101750527088.
Hoffman, H. G., Patterson, D. R., Carrougher, G. J., Nakamura, D., Moore, M., Garcia-Palacios, A., & Furness, T. A. III. (2001). The effectiveness of virtual reality pain control with multiple treatments of longer durations: A case study. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 13(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327590IJHC1301_1
Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997 May-Jun;23(3):293-7.
Gershon J, Zimand E, Pickering M, Rothbaum BO, Hodges L. A pilot and feasibility study of virtual reality as a distraction for children with cancer. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;43(10):1243-9. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000135621.23145.05.
Windich-Biermeier A, Sjoberg I, Dale JC, Eshelman D, Guzzetta CE. Effects of distraction on pain, fear, and distress during venous port access and venipuncture in children and adolescents with cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2007 Jan-Feb;24(1):8-19. doi: 10.1177/1043454206296018.
Gold JI, Akbar KM, Avila S, Ngo NH, Klein MJ. Exploring Relations Between Unique Patient Characteristics and Virtual Reality Immersion Level on Anxiety and Pain in Patients Undergoing Venipuncture: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Control Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2024 Jul 1;26:e53196. doi: 10.2196/53196.
Other Identifiers
Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.
CHLA-15-00549
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
More Related Trials
Additional clinical trials that may be relevant based on similarity analysis.