Topical Gentamicin and Vancomycin for Vascular Surgical Site Infection Prophylaxis
NCT ID: NCT04238923
Last Updated: 2020-01-30
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
UNKNOWN
Clinical Phase
PHASE2/PHASE3
Total Enrollment
356 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2020-05-01
Study Completion Date
2021-07-01
Brief Summary
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Many patients who undergo vascular surgery to improve the blood flow to their legs are at risk of developing an infection in the surgical site and are then at risk of serious complications such as hospital readmission, failure of the surgical procedure and lower limb amputation. Surgical site infections may be reduced in high-risk patients by applying two commonly used antibiotics (gentamicin and vancomycin) into the surgical incision at the end of the surgical procedure. This will be compared to the standard of care treatment at London Health Sciences Center.
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Detailed Description
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Surgical site infections (SSI) are among the most common complications to develop following peripheral vascular surgery and increase the patient's risk for major amputation, graft failure and increase healthcare resource utilization. SSI are defined by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) as infections occurring within 30-90 days of a surgical procedure, or 1 year if a prosthetic implant was placed, and are divided into superficial, deep and organ space based on depth of microbial invasion.
The incidence of SSI in patients undergoing limb saving vascular surgery has consistently been found to exceed the CDC average of 2.1% for other clean surgical procedures, despite the routine use of perioperative antibiotics and aggressive wound care. A recent review of SSI in vascular surgery showed rates as high as 30%, and the investigators' institution has reported a SSI rate of 20%. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus species are the most frequent isolates from SSI following peripheral vascular surgery, with the highly virulent organism, MRSA becoming increasingly prevalent. Gram-negative organisms account for another 20-30% of SSI, with Pseudomonas isolates commonly identified, particularly in the groin. Several procedure- and patient-related factors have emerged as important predictors of SSI following peripheral vascular surgery, among the most important of which are obesity, tissue loss, redo surgery, dialysis dependence and diabetes mellitus. Obesity has been found to double the risk of SSI. Obese patients are shown to have lower tissue concentrations of antibiotics, which would place them at higher risk of developing SSI. Patients with tissue loss secondary to critical limb ischemia also are at increased risk of SSI resulting from bacterial spread from contaminated ulcers and poor vascular supply to the wound. As well, patients undergoing redo surgery face an increased risk of wound and graft infection secondary to the impaired vascular supply and healing potential of scar tissue. Diabetes mellitus and dialysis dependence are also independent risk factors for SSI following infrainguinal bypass due to a multitude of disease factors, especially immunologic dysfunction and impaired blood supply to the healing tissue.
Prophylactic intravenous antibiotics are the only intervention thus far consistently found to effectively prevent SSI in patients undergoing vascular surgery, however because of the aforementioned factors such measures are less effective in high-risk patients. Data to support other perioperative practices to prevent wound infections in vascular surgery are sparse. Among other surgical disciplines, topical antibiotics are re-emerging as a valid strategy to prevent SSI based on improved understanding of the mechanisms of drug delivery and identification of high-risk patients. In particular, vancomycin applied directly to surgical wounds has shown promise in preventing SSI. Topical vancomycin is believed to prevent gram-positive SSI, particularly those caused by MRSA, while minimizing adverse events related to systemic exposure to vancomycin such as nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity by virtue of limited absorption from the tissue bed. There is one retrospective study in the vascular surgery literature of 454 patients undergoing aortofemoral or infrainguinal procedures that showed reduction of 30-day SSI rates with use of topical vancomycin compared to controls (25.1 vs. 17.2%, p=0.049). More extensive data regarding the use of topical vancomycin prophylaxis comes from the orthopaedic literature. A recent review of orthopaedic studies, although mostly retrospective, highlighted benefits in spine surgery, total joint arthroplasty, foot and ankle surgery and elbow surgery. Further, 8 spine meta-analyses since 2014 have shown reduction in SSI rates with topical vancomycin administration.
Local gentamicin applied to surgical wounds has also been found effective, particularly in the prevention of gram-negative SSI, providing broad gram-negative coverage including Pseudomonas species. One randomized controlled trial assessing the prophylactic use of collagen gentamicin sponge in 40 patients undergoing prosthetic femoropopliteal bypass found significant reduction in groin SSI with use of a collagen gentamicin sponge (Collatamp G). An additional prospective cohort study and case series data also show favorable results in small patient samples of patients An additional prospective cohort study and case series data also show favorable results in small patient samples of patients undergoing various vascular operations. Cardiac surgeons have reported effective use of this antibiotic locally in prevention of sternal wound infections. Notably, a large randomized, double blinded-controlled trial of 1950 patients undergoing cardiac surgery through median sternotomy demonstrated decreased SSI rates at 60 days with the use of gentamicin containing collagen implants compared to controls (4.3 vs. 9.0%, p\<0.001). The ability of gentamicin eluting sponges to prevent SSI in sternal wounds was confirmed in a recent meta-analysis. These sponges achieve high local levels of gentamicin for 36 hours with minimal systemic absorption in addition to accelerating hemostasis. Recently, wound closure using topical vancomycin paste and gentamicin irrigation has been shown in a retrospective study to reduce SSI in cardiac surgery sternotomy wounds by almost two thirds.
In this trial, an aggressive prophylactic approach using selective administration of topical vancomycin and gentamicin to the surgical wounds of patients undergoing open lower extremity revascularization at high-risk for SSI based on an elevated body mass index (BMI) \>30, tissue loss, redo surgery, diabetes mellitus or renal failure will be compared to similar patients receiving standard perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and wound care to evaluate the impact on 90-day SSI rates.
The incidence of SSI in patients undergoing limb saving vascular surgery has consistently been found to exceed the CDC average of 2.1% for other clean surgical procedures, despite the routine use of perioperative antibiotics and aggressive wound care. A recent review of SSI in vascular surgery showed rates as high as 30%, and the investigators' institution has reported a SSI rate of 20%. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus species are the most frequent isolates from SSI following peripheral vascular surgery, with the highly virulent organism, MRSA becoming increasingly prevalent. Gram-negative organisms account for another 20-30% of SSI, with Pseudomonas isolates commonly identified, particularly in the groin. Several procedure- and patient-related factors have emerged as important predictors of SSI following peripheral vascular surgery, among the most important of which are obesity, tissue loss, redo surgery, dialysis dependence and diabetes mellitus. Obesity has been found to double the risk of SSI. Obese patients are shown to have lower tissue concentrations of antibiotics, which would place them at higher risk of developing SSI. Patients with tissue loss secondary to critical limb ischemia also are at increased risk of SSI resulting from bacterial spread from contaminated ulcers and poor vascular supply to the wound. As well, patients undergoing redo surgery face an increased risk of wound and graft infection secondary to the impaired vascular supply and healing potential of scar tissue. Diabetes mellitus and dialysis dependence are also independent risk factors for SSI following infrainguinal bypass due to a multitude of disease factors, especially immunologic dysfunction and impaired blood supply to the healing tissue.
Prophylactic intravenous antibiotics are the only intervention thus far consistently found to effectively prevent SSI in patients undergoing vascular surgery, however because of the aforementioned factors such measures are less effective in high-risk patients. Data to support other perioperative practices to prevent wound infections in vascular surgery are sparse. Among other surgical disciplines, topical antibiotics are re-emerging as a valid strategy to prevent SSI based on improved understanding of the mechanisms of drug delivery and identification of high-risk patients. In particular, vancomycin applied directly to surgical wounds has shown promise in preventing SSI. Topical vancomycin is believed to prevent gram-positive SSI, particularly those caused by MRSA, while minimizing adverse events related to systemic exposure to vancomycin such as nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity by virtue of limited absorption from the tissue bed. There is one retrospective study in the vascular surgery literature of 454 patients undergoing aortofemoral or infrainguinal procedures that showed reduction of 30-day SSI rates with use of topical vancomycin compared to controls (25.1 vs. 17.2%, p=0.049). More extensive data regarding the use of topical vancomycin prophylaxis comes from the orthopaedic literature. A recent review of orthopaedic studies, although mostly retrospective, highlighted benefits in spine surgery, total joint arthroplasty, foot and ankle surgery and elbow surgery. Further, 8 spine meta-analyses since 2014 have shown reduction in SSI rates with topical vancomycin administration.
Local gentamicin applied to surgical wounds has also been found effective, particularly in the prevention of gram-negative SSI, providing broad gram-negative coverage including Pseudomonas species. One randomized controlled trial assessing the prophylactic use of collagen gentamicin sponge in 40 patients undergoing prosthetic femoropopliteal bypass found significant reduction in groin SSI with use of a collagen gentamicin sponge (Collatamp G). An additional prospective cohort study and case series data also show favorable results in small patient samples of patients An additional prospective cohort study and case series data also show favorable results in small patient samples of patients undergoing various vascular operations. Cardiac surgeons have reported effective use of this antibiotic locally in prevention of sternal wound infections. Notably, a large randomized, double blinded-controlled trial of 1950 patients undergoing cardiac surgery through median sternotomy demonstrated decreased SSI rates at 60 days with the use of gentamicin containing collagen implants compared to controls (4.3 vs. 9.0%, p\<0.001). The ability of gentamicin eluting sponges to prevent SSI in sternal wounds was confirmed in a recent meta-analysis. These sponges achieve high local levels of gentamicin for 36 hours with minimal systemic absorption in addition to accelerating hemostasis. Recently, wound closure using topical vancomycin paste and gentamicin irrigation has been shown in a retrospective study to reduce SSI in cardiac surgery sternotomy wounds by almost two thirds.
In this trial, an aggressive prophylactic approach using selective administration of topical vancomycin and gentamicin to the surgical wounds of patients undergoing open lower extremity revascularization at high-risk for SSI based on an elevated body mass index (BMI) \>30, tissue loss, redo surgery, diabetes mellitus or renal failure will be compared to similar patients receiving standard perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and wound care to evaluate the impact on 90-day SSI rates.
Conditions
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Vascular Diseases
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Surgical Site Infection
Bypass Complication
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
PREVENTION
Blinding Strategy
TRIPLE
Participants
Investigators
Outcome Assessors
Study Groups
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Topical Gentamicin and Vancomycin
Immediately prior to closure of the incision, 1g of vancomycin will be mixed in 4mL of normal saline and applied as a paste directly to the muscle, fascia and subcutaneous tissue. Gentamicin-eluting collagen sponges will be cut to the appropriate size to cover the defect and applied after application of vancomycin. Following closure, the surgical site will be covered with a sterile dressing and left in place for 48hrs.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Topical vancomycin paste (1g vancomycin powder + 4mL sterile saline) and Collatamp G gentamicin-eluting sponge (Azralez Pharmaceuticals; 2.0mg gentamicin sulphate/cm2 to cover wound)
Intervention Type
DRUG
Topical vancomycin paste and gentamicin-eluting collagen sponge will be applied directly to the deep layers of the wound following reconstruction, prior to closure.
Control
The surgical wound is closed in the standard fashion with 3 layer closure with staples for skin. Following closure, the surgical site will be covered with a sterile dressing and left in place for 48hrs.
Group Type
NO_INTERVENTION
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Topical vancomycin paste (1g vancomycin powder + 4mL sterile saline) and Collatamp G gentamicin-eluting sponge (Azralez Pharmaceuticals; 2.0mg gentamicin sulphate/cm2 to cover wound)
Topical vancomycin paste and gentamicin-eluting collagen sponge will be applied directly to the deep layers of the wound following reconstruction, prior to closure.
Intervention Type
DRUG
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Patients identified as requiring lower extremity bypass for peripheral arterial disease by their consultant surgeon with high-risk features for vascular surgical site infection including,
* BMI \>30
* Dialysis dependence
* Redo surgery
* Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2)
* Tissue loss (ischemic ulceration or gangrene of the feet)
* BMI \>30
* Dialysis dependence
* Redo surgery
* Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2)
* Tissue loss (ischemic ulceration or gangrene of the feet)
Exclusion Criteria
* Patient does not provide informed consent for surgery or study
* Patient received antibiotics for an active infection within 7 days prior to surgery
* Patient has an allergy to gentamicin or vancomycin
* Patient has a pre-existing infection of the surgical site
* Patient received antibiotics for an active infection within 7 days prior to surgery
* Patient has an allergy to gentamicin or vancomycin
* Patient has a pre-existing infection of the surgical site
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Principal Investigators
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Luc Dubois, MD, MSc
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
London Health Sciences Centre
Central Contacts
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References
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Nguyen LL, Brahmanandam S, Bandyk DF, Belkin M, Clowes AW, Moneta GL, Conte MS. Female gender and oral anticoagulants are associated with wound complications in lower extremity vein bypass: an analysis of 1404 operations for critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2007 Dec;46(6):1191-1197. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.07.053.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Giles KA, Hamdan AD, Pomposelli FB, Wyers MC, Siracuse JJ, Schermerhorn ML. Body mass index: surgical site infections and mortality after lower extremity bypass from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 2005-2007. Ann Vasc Surg. 2010 Jan;24(1):48-56. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2009.05.003. Epub 2009 Jul 19.
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BACKGROUND
Greenblatt DY, Rajamanickam V, Mell MW. Predictors of surgical site infection after open lower extremity revascularization. J Vasc Surg. 2011 Aug;54(2):433-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.01.034. Epub 2011 Mar 31.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Vogel TR, Dombrovskiy VY, Carson JL, Haser PB, Lowry SF, Graham AM. Infectious complications after elective vascular surgical procedures. J Vasc Surg. 2010 Jan;51(1):122-9; discussion 129-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.08.006. Epub 2009 Dec 2.
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BACKGROUND
Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Banerjee SN, Edwards JR, Tolson JS, Henderson TS, et al. Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med. 1991 Sep 16;91(3B):152S-157S. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90361-z.
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BACKGROUND
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BACKGROUND
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Ott E, Bange FC, Sohr D, Teebken O, Mattner F. Risk factors associated with surgical site infections following vascular surgery at a German university hospital. Epidemiol Infect. 2013 Jun;141(6):1207-13. doi: 10.1017/S095026881200180X. Epub 2012 Aug 21.
Reference Type
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Siracuse JJ, Nandivada P, Giles KA, Hamdan AD, Wyers MC, Chaikof EL, Pomposelli FB, Schermerhorn ML. Prosthetic graft infections involving the femoral artery. J Vasc Surg. 2013 Mar;57(3):700-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.09.049. Epub 2013 Jan 9.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Virkkunen J, Heikkinen M, Lepantalo M, Metsanoja R, Salenius JP; Finnvasc Study Group. Diabetes as an independent risk factor for early postoperative complications in critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2004 Oct;40(4):761-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.07.040.
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BACKGROUND
Ramdev P, Rayan SS, Sheahan M, Hamdan AD, Logerfo FW, Akbari CM, Campbell DR, Pomposelli FB Jr. A decade experience with infrainguinal revascularization in a dialysis-dependent patient population. J Vasc Surg. 2002 Nov;36(5):969-74. doi: 10.1067/mva.2002.128297.
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BACKGROUND
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BACKGROUND
Hussain ST. Local application of gentamicin-containing collagen implant in the prophylaxis and treatment of surgical site infection following vascular surgery. Int J Surg. 2012;10 Suppl 1:S5-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2012.05.015. Epub 2012 May 29.
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BACKGROUND
Holdsworth J. Treatment of infective and potentially infective complications of vascular bypass grafting using gentamicin with collagen sponge. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1999 May;81(3):166-70.
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BACKGROUND
Friberg O, Svedjeholm R, Soderquist B, Granfeldt H, Vikerfors T, Kallman J. Local gentamicin reduces sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 Jan;79(1):153-61; discussion 161-2. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.06.043.
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Kowalewski M, Pawliszak W, Zaborowska K, Navarese EP, Szwed KA, Kowalkowska ME, Kowalewski J, Borkowska A, Anisimowicz L. Gentamicin-collagen sponge reduces the risk of sternal wound infections after heart surgery: Meta-analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015 Jun;149(6):1631-40.e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.01.034. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
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Andreas M, Muckenhuber M, Hutschala D, Kocher A, Thalhammer F, Vogt P, Fleck T, Laufer G. Direct sternal administration of Vancomycin and Gentamicin during closure prevents wound infection. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2017 Jul 1;25(1):6-11. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivx032.
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Cristino MA, Nakano LC, Vasconcelos V, Correia RM, Flumignan RL. Prevention of infection in aortic or aortoiliac peripheral arterial reconstruction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Apr 22;4(4):CD015192. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015192.pub2.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Other Identifiers
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115156
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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