Neural Damage and Anesthetic Treatment in the Preeclamptic Parturient; a Prospective Observational Study.
NCT ID: NCT03551223
Last Updated: 2019-07-08
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
UNKNOWN
Total Enrollment
50 participants
Study Classification
OBSERVATIONAL
Study Start Date
2018-08-01
Study Completion Date
2020-06-01
Brief Summary
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Objectives: Our primary objective is to evaluate the effect of anesthetic method (general versus regional anesthesia) on neural outcomes in the preeclamptic population undergoing cesarean delivery. Secondary outcome is to examine the fetal cerebral outcomes associated with the anesthetic method.
Methodology: This prospective, observational study, will include 50 preeclamptic parturients undergoing cesarean section under general and regional anesthesia.
Neuron specific enolase and S100B Protein are neuronal injury biomarkers. Increased levels of these biomarkers in serum indicate neuron damage. Following enrollment venous blood will be drawn from the participants and assessed for NSE and S100B serum levels at the following points; Upon hospital admission and one day postpartum. Furthermore in order to evaluate fetal outcomes upon fetal delivery, umbilical cord blood will be examined for NSE and S100B.
Study significance: While spinal anesthesia is the preferred anesthetic method for the preeclamptic parturient undergoing cesarean delivery, it remains uncertain which anesthetic method is neuroprotective.
This study will be the first study, to our knowledge, to examine the effect of anesthetic method on neuronal outcomes for a parturient with preeclampsia undergoing cesarean delivery, by the use of noninvasive cerebral biomarkers.
Methodology: This prospective, observational study, will include 50 preeclamptic parturients undergoing cesarean section under general and regional anesthesia.
Neuron specific enolase and S100B Protein are neuronal injury biomarkers. Increased levels of these biomarkers in serum indicate neuron damage. Following enrollment venous blood will be drawn from the participants and assessed for NSE and S100B serum levels at the following points; Upon hospital admission and one day postpartum. Furthermore in order to evaluate fetal outcomes upon fetal delivery, umbilical cord blood will be examined for NSE and S100B.
Study significance: While spinal anesthesia is the preferred anesthetic method for the preeclamptic parturient undergoing cesarean delivery, it remains uncertain which anesthetic method is neuroprotective.
This study will be the first study, to our knowledge, to examine the effect of anesthetic method on neuronal outcomes for a parturient with preeclampsia undergoing cesarean delivery, by the use of noninvasive cerebral biomarkers.
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Detailed Description
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Scientific background:
Preeclampsia is an idiopathic maternal, multi organ, specific pregnancy disorder, associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preeclampsia complicates approximately 2-8% of all pregnancies. The disorder is characterized by new-onset of hypertension and proteinuria developing after gestational week 20. While the pathogenesis of the disease remains not completely understood, a possible explanation is endothelial cell dysfunction in which placenta-derived mediators causes multisystem organ dysfunction .
Preeclampsia increases the risk for acute cerebrovascular complications such as intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral edema and eclampsia. Treatment with magnesium sulfate reduces the risk for seizures and treatment with antihypertensive therapy reduces the risk for a stroke , however the only effective treatment for the syndrome is prompt delivery of the fetus .
When considering the optimal anesthetic method for a preeclamptic parturient undergoing cesarean delivery, neuraxial anesthetic techniques, when feasible, are strongly preferred to general anesthesia (GA) . Spinal anesthesia (SA) is favored over general anesthesia since it is associated with increased benefits and reduced risks compared with general anesthesia. Increased benefits of SA include higher patient satisfaction, decreased pain and favorable neonatal outcomes. GA has been associated with increased risk for aspiration, unstable hemodynamics and difficult airway management . In addition GA has been shown to increase the risk for a stroke in women with preeclampsia . Nevertheless GA is sometime used in the preeclamptic parturient due to maternal or fetal indications with an incidence as high as 44% in some European countries .
Accumulative evidence from animal studies indicate that general anesthetic agents are neurotoxic and can induce subsequent behavioral abnormalities in the developmental mind . However the fetal and pediatric implications remain inconclusive. In a population-based birth cohort study fetal exposure to general anesthesia during cesarean delivery was not associated with increased risk for learning disabilities compared to delivering vaginally . In contrast in a population-based birth cohort study conducted in Taiwan the incidence of autism was increased in neonates who were delivered by cesarean delivery under general anesthesia compared with regional anesthesia .
Despite experts favoring neuraxial anesthesia for the preeclamptic population, to date research remains inconclusive regarding which anesthetic method is neuroprotective.
In recent years numerous biochemical tests have become usual clinical cerebral damage biomarkers, amongst them is the Neuron specific enolase (NSE). The NSE is an intracytoplasmic glycolytic enzyme enolase . The enzyme is expressed in neurons and neuroendocrine tissue . Increased levels of NSE are released into the blood circulation according to the death rate of those cells . Elevated levels of NSE have been observed after severe head trauma and in association to postoperative cognitive dysfunction .
S100B Protein, an additional neuronal injury biomarker, is an acidic calcium-binding protein, and physiological serum levels of S100B protein are low . The protein is found primarily in astrocytes and Schwann cells and has both intracellular and extracellular targets.
Elevated serum and CSF levels of S100B indicate neural damage . Research evaluating cerebral damage biomarkers in parturients with preeclampsia has found increased levels of neuronal injury biomarkers compared with healthy parturients . Furthermore increased plasma levels of S100B have been correlated with neurological symptoms in the form of visual disturbances . Lisa et al demonstrated persistent increased levels of NSE up to one year postpartum .
Additionally, various studies have examined the correlation between cerebral biomarkers levels in umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and fetal pathological conditions: intra uterine fetal death, preterm delivery, cerebral palsy and preeclampsia . Tskitishvili, et al showed increased levels of cerebral injury damage in amniotic fluid of parturients with preeclampsia .
In this study we aim to evaluate the effect of anesthetic method on neural outcomes in the preeclamptic population undergoing cesarean delivery.
Specific Aims:
Our primary objective is to examine which anesthetic method (GA versus RA) is associated with reduced neural damage as measured by NSE and S100B serum levels in preeclamptic parturients undergoing cesarean delivery.
Our secondary objective is to examine the effect of anesthetic method on fetal cerebral outcomes as measured by NSE and S100B umbilical cord blood levels in parturients with preeclampsia.
Study Design:
This is a prospective, single center, observational trial to assess the effect of anesthetic method on cerebral outcomes. The study will be conducted at the Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Campus), Petach Tikva, Israel, a tertiary university hospital.
Fifty preeclamptic parturients aged 18 and above, undergoing cesarean delivery under SA or GA, will be included in the study.
This study is a purely observational study, it will not have any clinical intervention nor will it interfere with standard cesarean delivery protocols in any way. Inclusion criteria Fifty preeclamptic parturients age 18 and above presenting for cesarean delivery under SA or GA, with ability to comply with study requirements will be enrolled in the study.
Exclusion criteria
The following parturients will be excluded:
1. Parturients under age 18
2. Parturients undergoing a vaginal delivery.
3. Parturients unable to sign an informed consent forum.
Study enrollment:
All preeclamptic parturients will be recruited upon admission to the women's emergency room. All participating patients will undergo an informed consent process, which will include a through explanation of the study design and patient requirements, by the study investigator. Following which patients will be requested to sign the informed consent document.
Index procedure:
Following obtaining approval from parturients 5 cc of venous blood will be drawn from each of the participants and will be examined for NSE and S100B serum levels at the following time points:
1. Upon hospital admission following obtaining informed consent approval.
2. Upon fetal delivery, umbilical cord blood will be examined for NSE and S100B.
3. 1 day postpartum. The blood samples will be collected in heparin containing tubes, the samples will be kept in room temperature for no longer than an hour before being sent to the laboratory for centrifugation. Following centrifugation the samples will be frozen at -70 °C until levels of NSE and S100B can be analyzed. Plasma levels will be tested to detect NSE and S100B levels using commercially available kits (Liasion Sangtec 100) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
Intraoperative anesthetic technique will be administered at anesthesiologists' discretion. The study cohort will be divided into two groups: women undergoing cesarean delivery under general anesthesia, and women undergoing cesarean delivery under regional-spinal anesthesia.
NSE and S100B levels will be compared for both groups in order to evaluate which anesthetic method is associated with reduced neuronal injury Additionally, umbilical cord blood NSE and S100B levels will be compared for both groups, in order to assess the fetal outcomes of each anesthetic method.
Data collection:
For each participant the following additional data will be collected and documented:
1. Demographic data obstetric age, weight, height,
2. Obstetric data; gravidity and parity, obstetric history comorbidities, regular medication and preeclampsia management protocols and more.
3. Anesthetic and analgesic data: type of anesthesia / analgesia, anesthetic drug solution, anesthetic drug doses, vasopressor treatment, hemodynamic data, and other anesthetic data.
Preeclampsia is an idiopathic maternal, multi organ, specific pregnancy disorder, associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preeclampsia complicates approximately 2-8% of all pregnancies. The disorder is characterized by new-onset of hypertension and proteinuria developing after gestational week 20. While the pathogenesis of the disease remains not completely understood, a possible explanation is endothelial cell dysfunction in which placenta-derived mediators causes multisystem organ dysfunction .
Preeclampsia increases the risk for acute cerebrovascular complications such as intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral edema and eclampsia. Treatment with magnesium sulfate reduces the risk for seizures and treatment with antihypertensive therapy reduces the risk for a stroke , however the only effective treatment for the syndrome is prompt delivery of the fetus .
When considering the optimal anesthetic method for a preeclamptic parturient undergoing cesarean delivery, neuraxial anesthetic techniques, when feasible, are strongly preferred to general anesthesia (GA) . Spinal anesthesia (SA) is favored over general anesthesia since it is associated with increased benefits and reduced risks compared with general anesthesia. Increased benefits of SA include higher patient satisfaction, decreased pain and favorable neonatal outcomes. GA has been associated with increased risk for aspiration, unstable hemodynamics and difficult airway management . In addition GA has been shown to increase the risk for a stroke in women with preeclampsia . Nevertheless GA is sometime used in the preeclamptic parturient due to maternal or fetal indications with an incidence as high as 44% in some European countries .
Accumulative evidence from animal studies indicate that general anesthetic agents are neurotoxic and can induce subsequent behavioral abnormalities in the developmental mind . However the fetal and pediatric implications remain inconclusive. In a population-based birth cohort study fetal exposure to general anesthesia during cesarean delivery was not associated with increased risk for learning disabilities compared to delivering vaginally . In contrast in a population-based birth cohort study conducted in Taiwan the incidence of autism was increased in neonates who were delivered by cesarean delivery under general anesthesia compared with regional anesthesia .
Despite experts favoring neuraxial anesthesia for the preeclamptic population, to date research remains inconclusive regarding which anesthetic method is neuroprotective.
In recent years numerous biochemical tests have become usual clinical cerebral damage biomarkers, amongst them is the Neuron specific enolase (NSE). The NSE is an intracytoplasmic glycolytic enzyme enolase . The enzyme is expressed in neurons and neuroendocrine tissue . Increased levels of NSE are released into the blood circulation according to the death rate of those cells . Elevated levels of NSE have been observed after severe head trauma and in association to postoperative cognitive dysfunction .
S100B Protein, an additional neuronal injury biomarker, is an acidic calcium-binding protein, and physiological serum levels of S100B protein are low . The protein is found primarily in astrocytes and Schwann cells and has both intracellular and extracellular targets.
Elevated serum and CSF levels of S100B indicate neural damage . Research evaluating cerebral damage biomarkers in parturients with preeclampsia has found increased levels of neuronal injury biomarkers compared with healthy parturients . Furthermore increased plasma levels of S100B have been correlated with neurological symptoms in the form of visual disturbances . Lisa et al demonstrated persistent increased levels of NSE up to one year postpartum .
Additionally, various studies have examined the correlation between cerebral biomarkers levels in umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and fetal pathological conditions: intra uterine fetal death, preterm delivery, cerebral palsy and preeclampsia . Tskitishvili, et al showed increased levels of cerebral injury damage in amniotic fluid of parturients with preeclampsia .
In this study we aim to evaluate the effect of anesthetic method on neural outcomes in the preeclamptic population undergoing cesarean delivery.
Specific Aims:
Our primary objective is to examine which anesthetic method (GA versus RA) is associated with reduced neural damage as measured by NSE and S100B serum levels in preeclamptic parturients undergoing cesarean delivery.
Our secondary objective is to examine the effect of anesthetic method on fetal cerebral outcomes as measured by NSE and S100B umbilical cord blood levels in parturients with preeclampsia.
Study Design:
This is a prospective, single center, observational trial to assess the effect of anesthetic method on cerebral outcomes. The study will be conducted at the Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Campus), Petach Tikva, Israel, a tertiary university hospital.
Fifty preeclamptic parturients aged 18 and above, undergoing cesarean delivery under SA or GA, will be included in the study.
This study is a purely observational study, it will not have any clinical intervention nor will it interfere with standard cesarean delivery protocols in any way. Inclusion criteria Fifty preeclamptic parturients age 18 and above presenting for cesarean delivery under SA or GA, with ability to comply with study requirements will be enrolled in the study.
Exclusion criteria
The following parturients will be excluded:
1. Parturients under age 18
2. Parturients undergoing a vaginal delivery.
3. Parturients unable to sign an informed consent forum.
Study enrollment:
All preeclamptic parturients will be recruited upon admission to the women's emergency room. All participating patients will undergo an informed consent process, which will include a through explanation of the study design and patient requirements, by the study investigator. Following which patients will be requested to sign the informed consent document.
Index procedure:
Following obtaining approval from parturients 5 cc of venous blood will be drawn from each of the participants and will be examined for NSE and S100B serum levels at the following time points:
1. Upon hospital admission following obtaining informed consent approval.
2. Upon fetal delivery, umbilical cord blood will be examined for NSE and S100B.
3. 1 day postpartum. The blood samples will be collected in heparin containing tubes, the samples will be kept in room temperature for no longer than an hour before being sent to the laboratory for centrifugation. Following centrifugation the samples will be frozen at -70 °C until levels of NSE and S100B can be analyzed. Plasma levels will be tested to detect NSE and S100B levels using commercially available kits (Liasion Sangtec 100) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
Intraoperative anesthetic technique will be administered at anesthesiologists' discretion. The study cohort will be divided into two groups: women undergoing cesarean delivery under general anesthesia, and women undergoing cesarean delivery under regional-spinal anesthesia.
NSE and S100B levels will be compared for both groups in order to evaluate which anesthetic method is associated with reduced neuronal injury Additionally, umbilical cord blood NSE and S100B levels will be compared for both groups, in order to assess the fetal outcomes of each anesthetic method.
Data collection:
For each participant the following additional data will be collected and documented:
1. Demographic data obstetric age, weight, height,
2. Obstetric data; gravidity and parity, obstetric history comorbidities, regular medication and preeclampsia management protocols and more.
3. Anesthetic and analgesic data: type of anesthesia / analgesia, anesthetic drug solution, anesthetic drug doses, vasopressor treatment, hemodynamic data, and other anesthetic data.
Conditions
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Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
Study Design
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Observational Model Type
COHORT
Study Time Perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Study Groups
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Women undergoing cesarean delivery with general anesthesia
Preeclamptic parturients undergoing cesarean delivery under general anesthesia
Neuron specific enolase (NSE)
Intervention Type
BIOLOGICAL
5 cc of venous blood will be drawn from all of the participants and be examined for NSE and S100 B serum levels in order to evaluate evaluate which anesthetic method (general anesthesia versus spinal anesthesia) is associated with reduced neuronal injury in a preeclamptic parturients undergoing a cesarean section.
Women undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesth
Preeclamptic parturients undergoing cesarean delivery under regional-spinal anesthesia
Neuron specific enolase (NSE)
Intervention Type
BIOLOGICAL
5 cc of venous blood will be drawn from all of the participants and be examined for NSE and S100 B serum levels in order to evaluate evaluate which anesthetic method (general anesthesia versus spinal anesthesia) is associated with reduced neuronal injury in a preeclamptic parturients undergoing a cesarean section.
Interventions
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Neuron specific enolase (NSE)
5 cc of venous blood will be drawn from all of the participants and be examined for NSE and S100 B serum levels in order to evaluate evaluate which anesthetic method (general anesthesia versus spinal anesthesia) is associated with reduced neuronal injury in a preeclamptic parturients undergoing a cesarean section.
Intervention Type
BIOLOGICAL
Other Intervention Names
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S100B Protein
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Fifty preeclamptic parturients age 18 and above presenting for cesarean delivery under SA or GA, with ability to comply with study requirements will be enrolled in the study.
Exclusion Criteria
The following parturients will be excluded:
1. Parturients under age 18
2. Parturients undergoing a vaginal delivery.
3. Parturients unable to sign an informed consent forum.
1. Parturients under age 18
2. Parturients undergoing a vaginal delivery.
3. Parturients unable to sign an informed consent forum.
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
60 Years
Eligible Sex
FEMALE
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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Rabin Medical Center
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Locations
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Beilinson hospital
Petach Tikvah, , Israel
Site Status
RECRUITING
Countries
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Israel
Facility Contacts
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References
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Bergman L, Akerud H. Plasma Levels of the Cerebral Biomarker, Neuron-Specific Enolase, are Elevated During Pregnancy in Women Developing Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci. 2016 Mar;23(3):395-400. doi: 10.1177/1933719115604732. Epub 2015 Sep 8.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
US Preventive Services Task Force; Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW Jr, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW. Screening for Preeclampsia: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017 Apr 25;317(16):1661-1667. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.3439.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith GH, Stewart AV. Ephedrine requirements are reduced during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in preeclampsia. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2005 Jan;14(1):9-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2004.08.002.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Henke VG, Bateman BT, Leffert LR. Focused review: spinal anesthesia in severe preeclampsia. Anesth Analg. 2013 Sep;117(3):686-693. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829eeef5. Epub 2013 Jul 18.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Tskitishvili E, Komoto Y, Temma-Asano K, Hayashi S, Kinugasa Y, Tsubouchi H, Song M, Kanagawa T, Shimoya K, Murata Y. S100B protein expression in the amnion and amniotic fluid in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. Mol Hum Reprod. 2006 Dec;12(12):755-61. doi: 10.1093/molehr/gal083. Epub 2006 Oct 5.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Huang CJ, Fan YC, Tsai PS. Differential impacts of modes of anaesthesia on the risk of stroke among preeclamptic women who undergo Caesarean delivery: a population-based study. Br J Anaesth. 2010 Dec;105(6):818-26. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeq266. Epub 2010 Oct 6.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Pant M, Fong R, Scavone B. Prevention of peri-induction hypertension in preeclamptic patients: a focused review. Anesth Analg. 2014 Dec;119(6):1350-6. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000424.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
De Tina A, Palanisamy A. General Anesthesia During the Third Trimester: Any Link to Neurocognitive Outcomes? Anesthesiol Clin. 2017 Mar;35(1):69-80. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Dec 12.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Graham MR. Clinical update regarding general anesthesia-associated neurotoxicity in infants and children. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2017 Dec;30(6):682-687. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000520.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Sprung J, Flick RP, Wilder RT, Katusic SK, Pike TL, Dingli M, Gleich SJ, Schroeder DR, Barbaresi WJ, Hanson AC, Warner DO. Anesthesia for cesarean delivery and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology. 2009 Aug;111(2):302-10. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181adf481.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Chien LN, Lin HC, Shao YH, Chiou ST, Chiou HY. Risk of autism associated with general anesthesia during cesarean delivery: a population-based birth-cohort analysis. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015 Apr;45(4):932-42. doi: 10.1007/s10803-014-2247-y.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lee A, Kim SH, Hong JY, Hwang JH. Effect of anesthetic methods on cerebral oxygen saturation in elderly surgical patients: prospective, randomized, observational study. World J Surg. 2012 Oct;36(10):2328-34. doi: 10.1007/s00268-012-1676-z.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Hoppenstein D, Zohar E, Ramaty E, Shabat S, Fredman B. The effects of general vs spinal anesthesia on frontal cerebral oxygen saturation in geriatric patients undergoing emergency surgical fixation of the neck of femur. J Clin Anesth. 2005 Sep;17(6):431-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2004.09.013.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Hirose N, Kondo Y, Maeda T, Suzuki T, Yoshino A. Relationship between regional cerebral blood volume and oxygenation and blood pressure during spinal anesthesia in women undergoing cesarean section. J Anesth. 2016 Aug;30(4):603-9. doi: 10.1007/s00540-016-2165-6. Epub 2016 Mar 24.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Sun S, Liu NH, Huang SQ. Role of cerebral oxygenation for prediction of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. J Clin Monit Comput. 2016 Aug;30(4):417-21. doi: 10.1007/s10877-015-9733-4. Epub 2015 Jul 18.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Trakas E, Domnina Y, Panigrahy A, Baust T, Callahan PM, Morell VO, Munoz R, Bell MJ, Sanchez-de-Toledo J. Serum Neuronal Biomarkers in Neonates With Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Pediatr Neurol. 2017 Jul;72:56-61. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.04.011. Epub 2017 Apr 21.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
van Munster BC, Korse CM, de Rooij SE, Bonfrer JM, Zwinderman AH, Korevaar JC. Markers of cerebral damage during delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture. BMC Neurol. 2009 May 27;9:21. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-9-21.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Tomaszewski D. Biomarkers of Brain Damage and Postoperative Cognitive Disorders in Orthopedic Patients: An Update. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:402959. doi: 10.1155/2015/402959. Epub 2015 Aug 31.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Georgiadis D, Berger A, Kowatschev E, Lautenschlager C, Borner A, Lindner A, Schulte-Mattler W, Zerkowski HR, Zierz S, Deufel T. Predictive value of S-100beta and neuron-specific enolase serum levels for adverse neurologic outcome after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 Jan;119(1):138-47. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5223(00)70229-7.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Wikstrom AK, Ekegren L, Karlsson M, Wikstrom J, Bergenheim M, Akerud H. Plasma levels of S100B during pregnancy in women developing pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2012 Oct;2(4):398-402. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2012.03.001. Epub 2012 Mar 16.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Vettorazzi J, Torres FV, de Avila TT, Martins-Costa SH, Souza DO, Portela LV, Ramos JG. Serum S100B in pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia: A case-control study. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2012 Apr;2(2):101-5. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2011.11.004. Epub 2011 Dec 13.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bergman L, Akerud H, Wikstrom AK, Larsson M, Naessen T, Akhter T. Cerebral Biomarkers in Women With Preeclampsia Are Still Elevated 1 Year Postpartum. Am J Hypertens. 2016 Dec 1;29(12):1374-1379. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpw097.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gazzolo D, Vinesi P, Marinoni E, Di Iorio R, Marras M, Lituania M, Bruschettini P, Michetti F. S100B protein concentrations in cord blood: correlations with gestational age in term and preterm deliveries. Clin Chem. 2000 Jul;46(7):998-1000. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lu H, Huang W, Chen X, Wang Q, Zhang Q, Chang M. Relationship between premature brain injury and multiple biomarkers in cord blood and amniotic fluid. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018 Nov;31(21):2898-2904. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1359532. Epub 2017 Aug 3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
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0504-17
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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