Testing a Self-affirmation Intervention for Use in a Mobile Application

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

UNKNOWN

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

900 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2018-01-16

Study Completion Date

2018-09-30

Brief Summary

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The aim of these studies is to adapt the self-affirmation kindness questionnaire for use in a mobile application. Two studies will be conducted to test hypotheses that simplifying and shortening the original questionnaire in systematic ways will result in comparable effectiveness (compared to the original version) in promoting reduced defensive avoidance, less reactance, greater yielding, and higher intentions to quit smoking among a sample of smokers.

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Detailed Description

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Research has shown that self-affirmation interventions, in which people are instructed to focus on their strengths and values, can offset self-threats and promote healthier behaviors, such as smoking cessation. A commonly used self-affirmation intervention is known as the "kindness quiz." The original kindness questionnaire (Reed \& Aspinwall, 1998) consists of 10 yes/no questions, and participants are asked to think about and write down an example of each. For example, one item is "Have you ever been considerate of another person's feelings? \_\_\_\_ YES \_\_\_\_NO; IF YES, WRITE ABOUT A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE." The items were written so that all participants should be able to say "yes" in response to each question, which will affirm a positive view of themselves.

The purpose of these studies are to test shorter and simpler versions of this kindness questionnaire so that it can be implemented on mobile phones. In Study 1, we will test whether written examples are necessary for the effectiveness of the self-affirmation intervention (compared to no examples or imagined examples) compared to a control. In Study 2, we will again test whether written examples are necessary, as well as whether shorter questionnaires (i.e., 5 items or 3 items) are as effective as the original 10 item questionnaire.

Conditions

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Smoking Smoking Cessation Smoking, Tobacco

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

FACTORIAL

Study 1 will use a 2 (self-affirmation: self-affirmation, control) X 3 (Mode of example: none, write, imagine) experimental design. In the self-affirmation condition, participants will complete the self-affirmation kindness quiz (10 questions) and in the control condition they will complete a personal opinion survey (10 questions). Depending on the mode of example condition, participants will not be asked to provide examples, asked to write examples for each of the 10 questions, or asked to imagine examples for each of the 10 questions.

Based on examination of data from Study 1 (i.e., which items receive more "yes" responses and for which items examples are provided), in Study 2 we will test whether using fewer self-affirmation items influences dependent variables. Study 2 will use a 3 (Number of questions: 10, 5, 3) X 3 (Mode of example: none, write, imagine) experimental design.

Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Self-affirm, No examples, Study 1

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 10 items, no examples

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Self affirmation, 10 items, no examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete the 10 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will not be asked to provide examples for any items they respond "yes" to.

Self-affirm, Write examples, Study 1

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 10 items, written examples

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Self affirmation, 10 items, written examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete the 10 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to provide written examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Self-affirm, Imagine examples, Study 1

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 10 items, imagined examples

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Self affirmation, 10 items, imagined examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete the 10 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to imagine examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Opinion survey, No examples, Study 1

No intervention: control. Participants will complete the 10 item personal opinion survey and will not be asked to provide examples for any items they respond "yes" to.

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Opinion survey, Write examples, Study 1

No intervention: control. Participants will complete the 10 item personal opinion survey and will be asked to provide written examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Opinion survey, Imagine examples, Study1

No intervention: control. Participants will complete the 10 item personal opinion survey and will be asked to imagine examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Self-affirm, 10-item, No ex, Study 2

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 10 items, no examples

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Self affirmation, 10 items, no examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete the 10 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will not be asked to provide examples for any items they respond "yes" to.

Self-affirm, 5-item, No ex, Study 2

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 5 items, no examples

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Self affirmation, 5 items, no examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete a 5 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will not be asked to provide examples for any items they respond "yes" to.

Self-affirm, 3-item, No ex, Study 2

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 3 items, no examples

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Self affirmation, 3 items, no examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete a 3 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will not be asked to provide examples for any items they respond "yes" to.

Self-affirm, 10-item, Write ex, Study 2

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 10 items, written examples

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Self affirmation, 10 items, written examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete the 10 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to provide written examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Self-affirm, 5-item, Write ex, Study 2

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 5 items, written examples

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Self affirmation, 5 items, written examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete a 5 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to provide written examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Self-affirm, 3-item, Write ex, Study 2

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 3 items, written examples

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Self affirmation, 3 items, written examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete a 3 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to provide written examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Self-affirm, 10-item, Imagine ex, Study2

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 10 items, imagined examples

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Self affirmation, 10 items, imagined examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete the 10 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to imagine examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Self-affirm, 5-item, Imagine ex, Study 2

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 5 items, imagined examples

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Self affirmation, 5 items, imagined examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete a 5 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to imagine examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Self-affirm, 3-item, Imagine ex, Study 2

Behavioral: Self affirmation, 3 items, imagined examples

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Self affirmation, 3 items, imagined examples

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Participants will complete a 3 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to imagine examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Interventions

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Self affirmation, 10 items, written examples

Participants will complete the 10 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to provide written examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Self affirmation, 10 items, no examples

Participants will complete the 10 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will not be asked to provide examples for any items they respond "yes" to.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Self affirmation, 10 items, imagined examples

Participants will complete the 10 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to imagine examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Self affirmation, 5 items, written examples

Participants will complete a 5 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to provide written examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Self affirmation, 5 items, no examples

Participants will complete a 5 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will not be asked to provide examples for any items they respond "yes" to.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Self affirmation, 5 items, imagined examples

Participants will complete a 5 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to imagine examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Self affirmation, 3 items, written examples

Participants will complete a 3 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to provide written examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Self affirmation, 3 items, no examples

Participants will complete a 3 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will not be asked to provide examples for any items they respond "yes" to.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Self affirmation, 3 items, imagined examples

Participants will complete a 3 item self-affirmation kindness quiz and will be asked to imagine examples for each item they respond "yes" to.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Currently live in the US
* 21-65 years (several states have 21 as minimum legal age to smoke)
* self-identified every day or some day smoker
* no prior diagnosis of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or emphysema (the most common and well-known smoking-related diseases

Exclusion Criteria

* Not currently living in the US
* Less than 21 years of age or older than 65
* Nonsmoker
* Prior diagnosis of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or emphysema (the most common and well-known smoking-related diseases

Minimum Eligible Age

21 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

65 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes