Determining Dietary Pattern Accompanying Egg Intake Using Remote Food Photography Method

NCT ID: NCT03404700

Last Updated: 2019-01-14

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

48 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2018-05-22

Study Completion Date

2018-10-03

Brief Summary

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Recent epidemiological studies show that egg consumption is associated with insulin resistance and altered glycemic control. For this study, the investigators hypothesize that this association is due to dietary patterns associated with egg consumption, such as saturated fat, and not the consumption of eggs per se. This study will be conducted in two parts that will be conducted simultaneously. Part I will utilize an ecological momentary assessment approach in which dietary patterns associated with egg intake will be determined using an objective measurement of food intake called remote food photography method. In Part II, a randomized partial crossover study will be conducted on the same sample of subjects to test the effects of egg consumption, saturated fat consumption, and consumption of the combination of eggs and saturated fat on glucose, insulin, and hunger and satiety hormone levels.

Detailed Description

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Eggs are nutrient dense, convenient, affordable, and provide key macro and micronutrients in one's diet. Despite having a lot of benefits of consuming eggs in relation to health recent epidemiological studies raise health concerns about egg intake for subgroups of people. For instance, under free-living conditions, higher egg intake is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in diabetic individuals as well as increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, these studies do not establish that egg consumption "causes" health issues.

It is also possible that the association of egg intake with increased CVD risk in diabetics, or with a greater risk of developing diabetes, is simply due to the other foods that people usually eat with eggs, such as saturated fats, and not due to eggs per se.

For part I, the investigators propose to test this hypothesis by determining the food intake of 48 non-diabetic individuals under free-living conditions using the remote food photography method (RFPM), which uses smartphone technology. The frequency of egg consumption will be obtained using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In addition, participants will record their food intake using food record diary and a 24-hour food recall method. Energy intake information gathered from RFPM will be compared with the 7-day food record and the 24-hour recall.

Next, for part II, the same study participants will be offered four separate test breakfasts of similar calories, containing 1) Eggs; 2) Eggs with a high amount of saturated fat; 3) Cereal breakfast (neither eggs nor saturated fat); or 4) Cereal breakfast with a high amount of saturated fat. Alteration of blood glucose, insulin, hunger, and satiety hormones (ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1), and metabolic rate will be measured before and after each breakfast in part II.

The investigators expect to determine if the purported association of eggs to alterations in glucose control and related metabolic alterations are independent of eggs, but mainly due to saturated fat is eaten along with eggs rather than the egg consumption itself.

Conditions

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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Insulin Resistance

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

CROSSOVER

The proposed study will comprise of two parts: Part I: an observational study based on ecological momentary assessment, and Part II: a randomized partial crossover clinical trial. Same subjects will participate in both parts of the study.

In the observational study, the dietary intake of the subjects will be evaluated using an ecological momentary assessment approach for 7 days. In the randomized partial crossover clinical trial, four test breakfasts will be administered so that each subject will get exposed to only two out of the four diets (thus, partial crossover). Therefore, there will be six possible combinations of diets (i.e. 4! / 2! \[4-2\]!) and 12 possible ordered combinations (i.e. permutations; 4! / \[4-2\]!) of diets. Four subjects will be randomly assigned to each of these 12 possible ordered combinations of diets. Thus, the total sample size will be 48 (i.e. n = 4x12).
Primary Study Purpose

OTHER

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Group 1:Test breakfast A and B

\*Please note: Part I of the study does not have separate groups. All subjects will undergo RFPM. The description of groups presented below is for part II of the study.

Subjects will have egg breakfast(test breakfast A) and egg breakfast with high saturated fat (test breakfast B) in any order.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Egg breakfast

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing:2 Scrambled Eggs, 120 mL Skim Milk, 2 Slices Nature's Own Double Fiber Wheat Bread, 30g Margarine, 18g Smuckers Strawberry Jam

10 g of Margarine, 18 g of Smuckers® Strawberry Jam

Egg breakfast with high saturated fat

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing:2 Scrambled Eggs, 120 mL 2% milk, 2 Slices Nature's Own Double Fiber Wheat Bread, 15 g Butter, 15g Smuckers Strawberry Jam

Group 2:Test breakfast A and C

Subjects will have egg breakfast and (test breakfast A) and cereal breakfast (test breakfast C) in any order.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Egg breakfast

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing:2 Scrambled Eggs, 120 mL Skim Milk, 2 Slices Nature's Own Double Fiber Wheat Bread, 30g Margarine, 18g Smuckers Strawberry Jam

10 g of Margarine, 18 g of Smuckers® Strawberry Jam

Cereal breakfast

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing: 1c Special K ready-to-eat (RTE) High Protein Cereal, 200 mL Silk Original Soy milk, 1 Slice Mrs. Bairds Extra Thin Bread, 35g Margarine, 10 g Smuckers Sugar Free Strawberry Jam

Group 3:Test breakfast A and D

Subjects will have egg breakfast (test breakfast A) and cereal breakfast (test breakfast C) in any order.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Egg breakfast

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing:2 Scrambled Eggs, 120 mL Skim Milk, 2 Slices Nature's Own Double Fiber Wheat Bread, 30g Margarine, 18g Smuckers Strawberry Jam

10 g of Margarine, 18 g of Smuckers® Strawberry Jam

Cereal breakfast with high saturated fat

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing: 1c Special K ready-to-eat (RTE) High Protein Cereal, 200 mL Silk Original Soy milk, 1/2 Slice Arnold Double Protein Whole Grain Bread, 15 g Butter

Group 4:Test breakfast B and C

Subjects will have egg breakfast with high saturated fat (test breakfast B) and cereal breakfast (test breakfast C) in any order.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Egg breakfast with high saturated fat

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing:2 Scrambled Eggs, 120 mL 2% milk, 2 Slices Nature's Own Double Fiber Wheat Bread, 15 g Butter, 15g Smuckers Strawberry Jam

Cereal breakfast

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing: 1c Special K ready-to-eat (RTE) High Protein Cereal, 200 mL Silk Original Soy milk, 1 Slice Mrs. Bairds Extra Thin Bread, 35g Margarine, 10 g Smuckers Sugar Free Strawberry Jam

Group 5:Test breakfast B and D

Subjects will have egg breakfast with high saturated fat (test breakfast B) and cereal breakfast with high saturated fat (test breakfast D) in any order.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Egg breakfast with high saturated fat

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing:2 Scrambled Eggs, 120 mL 2% milk, 2 Slices Nature's Own Double Fiber Wheat Bread, 15 g Butter, 15g Smuckers Strawberry Jam

Cereal breakfast with high saturated fat

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing: 1c Special K ready-to-eat (RTE) High Protein Cereal, 200 mL Silk Original Soy milk, 1/2 Slice Arnold Double Protein Whole Grain Bread, 15 g Butter

Group 6:Test breakfast C and D

Subjects will have cereal breakfast (test breakfast C) and cereal breakfast with high saturated fat (test breakfast D) in any order

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Cereal breakfast

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing: 1c Special K ready-to-eat (RTE) High Protein Cereal, 200 mL Silk Original Soy milk, 1 Slice Mrs. Bairds Extra Thin Bread, 35g Margarine, 10 g Smuckers Sugar Free Strawberry Jam

Cereal breakfast with high saturated fat

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Containing: 1c Special K ready-to-eat (RTE) High Protein Cereal, 200 mL Silk Original Soy milk, 1/2 Slice Arnold Double Protein Whole Grain Bread, 15 g Butter

Interventions

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Egg breakfast

Containing:2 Scrambled Eggs, 120 mL Skim Milk, 2 Slices Nature's Own Double Fiber Wheat Bread, 30g Margarine, 18g Smuckers Strawberry Jam

10 g of Margarine, 18 g of Smuckers® Strawberry Jam

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Egg breakfast with high saturated fat

Containing:2 Scrambled Eggs, 120 mL 2% milk, 2 Slices Nature's Own Double Fiber Wheat Bread, 15 g Butter, 15g Smuckers Strawberry Jam

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Cereal breakfast

Containing: 1c Special K ready-to-eat (RTE) High Protein Cereal, 200 mL Silk Original Soy milk, 1 Slice Mrs. Bairds Extra Thin Bread, 35g Margarine, 10 g Smuckers Sugar Free Strawberry Jam

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Cereal breakfast with high saturated fat

Containing: 1c Special K ready-to-eat (RTE) High Protein Cereal, 200 mL Silk Original Soy milk, 1/2 Slice Arnold Double Protein Whole Grain Bread, 15 g Butter

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Other Intervention Names

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Breakfast A Breakfast B Breakfast C Breakfast D

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* 48 non-diabetic individuals (fasting glucose \< 126 mg/dL)
* Male or female
* BMI from greater or equal to 20 to lesser or equal 60 kg/m2
* Age: 18 - 65 years

Exclusion Criteria

* Diabetes
* On antidiabetes medication
* Pregnant or lactating females
* Having a history of gestational diabetes
* Having an unstable cardiac condition
* Having a major systemic illness
* Having a history of drug abuse
* Having a history of eating disorders
* Having uncontrolled hypothyroidism
* Having familial hyperlipidemias
* Having allergies sensitivity to or dislike of eggs
* Consumption of \< 1 egg per week
* Attempting to lose weight
* On medications that may influence or inhibit appetite, sensory functioning, or hormone signaling- e.g. antibiotics, anti-depressants, obesity medications. Weight loss \> 5% in the past 3 months
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

65 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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Pennington Biomedical Research Center

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

American Egg Board

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

Texas Tech University

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Locations

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Texas Tech University - Department of Nutritional Sciences

Lubbock, Texas, United States

Site Status

Countries

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United States

References

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Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Spiegelman D, Speizer FE, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women. JAMA. 1999 Apr 21;281(15):1387-94. doi: 10.1001/jama.281.15.1387.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 10217054 (View on PubMed)

Shin JY, Xun P, Nakamura Y, He K. Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Jul;98(1):146-59. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051318. Epub 2013 May 15.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 23676423 (View on PubMed)

Djousse L, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Lee IM. Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care. 2009 Feb;32(2):295-300. doi: 10.2337/dc08-1271. Epub 2008 Nov 18.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 19017774 (View on PubMed)

Wallin A, Forouhi NG, Wolk A, Larsson SC. Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2016 Jun;59(6):1204-13. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-3923-6. Epub 2016 Mar 18.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 26993632 (View on PubMed)

Martin CK, Correa JB, Han H, Allen HR, Rood JC, Champagne CM, Gunturk BK, Bray GA. Validity of the Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM) for estimating energy and nutrient intake in near real-time. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012 Apr;20(4):891-9. doi: 10.1038/oby.2011.344. Epub 2011 Dec 1.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 22134199 (View on PubMed)

Dhanasekara CS, Dawson JA, Martin CK, Dhurandhar NV. No association between consumption of eggs with energy or macronutrient intake: Objective evidence from the remote food photography method. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 Jan-Feb;15(1):313-318. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.01.010. Epub 2021 Jan 15.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 33486223 (View on PubMed)

Provided Documents

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Document Type: Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, and Informed Consent Form

View Document

Other Identifiers

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IRB2017-215

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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