Depression & Insulin Sensitivity in Adolescents

NCT ID: NCT03263351

Last Updated: 2025-09-23

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 147 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2017-10-01
• Study Completion Date: 2025-05-26

Brief Summary

There has been a rise in type 2 diabetes (T2D) rates in adolescents, disproportionately in girls from disadvantaged racial/ethnic groups. This group of girls also is at heightened risk for depression, and depression and T2D are linked. Depressive symptoms are a risk factor for worsening of insulin sensitivity, one if the major precursors to T2D. In preliminary studies, the investigators found that a brief cognitive-behavioral therapy group decreased depressive symptoms and prevented worsening of insulin sensitivity in adolescent girls at-risk for T2D with moderate depressive symptoms. The aims of this study are: 1) to assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral therapy depression group vs. a health education control group for improving insulin sensitivity and preserving insulin secretion in racially/ethnically diverse adolescent girls at-risk for T2D with moderate depressive symptoms over a 1-year follow-up; 2) to evaluate changes in eating, physical activity, and sleep as explanatory and 3) to test changes in cortisol factors as explanatory.

Detailed Description

There has been rapid escalation of type 2 diabetes (T2D) rates in adolescents. Early-onset T2D (<20y) typically shows a more aggressive course than adult-onset T2D and disproportionately affects girls from disadvantaged, racial/ethnic groups. This group of girls also is at heightened risk for depression, and depression and T2D are linked. Depressive symptoms often manifest in adolescence and are a prospective risk factor for worsening of insulin sensitivity, the major physiological precursor-in combination with deterioration of pancreatic β-cell capacity to secrete insulin-in the path to T2D. The effects of depression on poor insulin sensitivity remain even after accounting for adiposity. In theory, depressive symptoms may worsen insulin sensitivity through stress-induced behaviors (e.g., disinhibited eating, physical inactivity, sleep disturbance) and stress-induced physiological causal mechanisms (e.g., hypercortisolism). The central theme of this study is that intervening to reduce depressive symptoms in adolescents at-risk for T2D may offer an innovative, targeted approach to ameliorate insulin resistance and to, consequently, preserve β-cell function and lessen T2D risk. In preliminary data, the investigators found initial evidence that a 6-week cognitive-behavioral group decreased depressive symptoms and prevented worsening of insulin sensitivity 1 year later in overweight and obese girls with moderate depressive symptoms and a family history of T2D, in comparison to a 6-week health education control group. Directly extending these findings, the primary aims of this study are: 1) to assess the efficacy of a 6-week cognitive-behavioral depression group vs. a 6-week health education control group for improving insulin sensitivity and preserving β-cell function in racially/ethnically diverse adolescent girls at-risk for T2D with moderate depressive symptoms over a 1-year follow-up; 2) to evaluate changes in eating, physical activity, and sleep as behavioral explanatory mediators underlying the relationship between decreases in depressive symptoms and improvements in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function over 1 year and 3) to test changes in cortisol awakening response, diurnal cortisol rhythm, and total daily cortisol output as physiological mechanisms explaining the relationship between decreases in depressive symptoms and improvements in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function over 1 year.

Conditions

Type2 Diabetes; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Insulin Sensitivity; Insulin Resistance; Depression; Adolescent Obesity

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: PREVENTION
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

Cognitive-behavioral therapy group

Six-session cognitive-behavioral therapy group program designed as a prevention of depression intervention for adolescents at-risk for depression. The program is facilitated by a psychologist. Sessions are weekly for 1-hour.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Cognitive-behavioral therapy group

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Psychoeducation on depression; cognitive restructuring of negative thoughts; engagement in pleasant activities; healthy rewards; stress and coping.

Health education group

Six-session health education group program designed as a health education curriculum for teenagers. The program is facilitated by a psychologist. Sessions are weekly for 1-hour.

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Health education group

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Didactic health knowledge about interpersonal violence; basic nutrition guidance; sun safety; depression and signs of suicide; gang violence; substance use.

Interventions

Cognitive-behavioral therapy group

Psychoeducation on depression; cognitive restructuring of negative thoughts; engagement in pleasant activities; healthy rewards; stress and coping.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Health education group

Didactic health knowledge about interpersonal violence; basic nutrition guidance; sun safety; depression and signs of suicide; gang violence; substance use.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Other Intervention Names

Blues Program; Hey-Durham

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Female
• Age 12-17 years
• Body mass index (BMI) ≥85th percentile for age & sex
• Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) >20
• English speaking
• ≥1 first- or second-degree family member with type 2 diabetes (T2D), prediabetes, or gestational diabetes
• Good general health

Exclusion Criteria

• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• Type 2 diabetes as indicated by fasting glucose≥126 mg/dL or 2-hour glucose>200 mg/dL or Hba1c>=6.5
• Medication affecting mood, weight, cortisol, or insulin sensitivity, including insulin sensitizers (e.g., metformin), anti-depressants, and stimulants
• Major psychiatric disorder that, in the opinion of the investigators, would impede study compliance and necessitate more intensive treatment, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, conduct disorder, alcohol and substance abuse, and anorexia/bulimia nervosa
• Psychotherapy or structured weight loss program
• Active suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior

• Minimum Eligible Age: 12 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 17 Years
• Eligible Sex: FEMALE
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)

NIH

Sponsor Role: collaborator

National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)

NIH

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Children's Hospital Colorado

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

NIH

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Colorado State University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

Lauren B Shomaker, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Colorado State University

Locations

Children's Hospital Colorado

Aurora, Colorado, United States

Countries

United States

References

Shomaker LB, Gulley L, Hilkin AM, Clark E, Annameier S, Rao S, Rockette-Wagner B, Kriska A, Wright KP Jr, Stice E, Nadeau KJ, Kelsey MM. Design of a randomized controlled trial to decrease depression and improve insulin sensitivity in adolescents: Mood and INsulin sensitivity to prevent Diabetes (MIND). Contemp Clin Trials. 2018 Dec;75:19-28. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.10.007. Epub 2018 Oct 17.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 30342256 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

R01DK111604

Identifier Type: NIH

Identifier Source: secondary_id

View Link

4185

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id