Adjunctive Corticosteroids for Tuberculous Meningitis in HIV-infected Adults (The ACT HIV Trial)
NCT ID: NCT03092817
Last Updated: 2024-03-22
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
PHASE3
Total Enrollment
520 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2017-05-25
Study Completion Date
2023-04-26
Brief Summary
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The investigators will conduct a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of adjunctive dexamethasone in the initial (6-8 weeks) treatment of tuberculous meningitis in Vietnamese adults. The trial will address a primary hypothesis in all enrolled patients, and a secondary hypothesis in a sub-group of enrolled patients who develop anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The primary hypothesis is adjunctive dexamethasone increases survival from TBM in HIV co-infected adults. The secondary hypothesis is current guidelines for the management of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury in those with TBM result in the premature interruption of rifampicin and isoniazid (the critical active drugs in early therapy) and are thereby placing participants at risk of poor outcomes.
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Detailed Description
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes \~9 million new cases of tuberculosis and \~1.5 million deaths annually, around 0.4 million of whom are co-infected with HIV. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of tuberculosis, killing around 30% of all sufferers despite appropriate anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. It is especially common in young children, and in those infected with HIV.
There is a longstanding hypothesis that death from TBM results from an excessive intracerebral inflammatory response. The corollary of this hypothesis has been that adjunctive anti-inflammatory treatment with corticosteroids (e.g. dexamethasone) improves survival, which has been demonstrated in predominantly HIV-uninfected individuals in a small number of trials. Yet how corticosteroids improve survival, and whether they do so in HIV-infected patients, remains uncertain. The primary objective of this trial is to determine whether or not adjunctive corticosteroids reduce deaths from TBM in HIV-infected adults.
Adjunctive dexamethasone might improve outcomes from HIV-associated TBM by diverse mechanisms. First, it may control the early intracerebral inflammatory response, reducing cerebral oedema and intra-cranial pressure. Second, it may prevent the potentially life-threatening complications of hydrocephalus, infarction and tuberculoma formation. Third, it may prevent the incidence of anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment-associated neurological immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Finally, dexamethasone may help reduce the risk of drug-induced liver injury and thereby improve outcome by enabling uninterrupted anti-tuberculosis treatment.
The current evidence-base for using adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of HIV-associated TBM is restricted to 98 adults recruited to a trial in Vietnam published in 2004. This trial randomized a total of 545 subjects (98 of them HIV-positive) and reported an overall reduction in 9-month mortality due to dexamethasone from 41.3% (112/271) to 31.8% (87/274) (hazard ratio of time to death 0.69; 95% CI 0.52-0.92, P=0.01). While there was no clear evidence of treatment effect heterogeneity according to HIV status, the number of included HIV-infected subjects was low and the observed benefit in that subgroup was smaller: 61.4% (27/44) in the dexamethasone group died, compared to 68.5% (37/54) in the placebo group (hazard ratio of time to death 0.86; 95% CI 0.52-1.41; P=0.55).
There are limited data from HIV-infected patients with TBM treated with dexamethasone, but findings from studies using corticosteroids in HIV-infected individuals with other forms of tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections suggest corticosteroids may cause harm in those with advanced HIV infection. There is evidence that corticosteroids may increase the risk of HIV-associated malignancies, especially Kaposi sarcoma. Furthermore, a recent trial of adjunctive dexamethasone for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis performed in Southeast Asia and Africa found dexamethasone was associated with worse outcomes, with increased risk of secondary infections, hyperglycaemia and electrolyte abnormalities, and disability.
On the basis of these limited data most international guidelines cautiously recommend dexamethasone should be given for HIV-associated TBM, but all acknowledge the paucity of evidence and the need for additional controlled trial data. Our trial will meet the need for more data and aims to provide definitive evidence as to the risk/benefit of adjunctive dexamethasone in the treatment of this important and very severe disease.
Our secondary objective is to investigate alternative management strategies in a subset of patients who develop drug-induced liver injury that will enable the safe continuation of rifampicin and isoniazid therapy whenever possible. The investigators will perform an open, randomised comparison of three management strategies with the aim of demonstrating which strategy results in the least interruption in R and H treatment. All patients enrolled in the trial will be eligible to take part in this study, with the exception of those known to have TBM caused by isoniazid resistant or MDR M. tuberculosis. Consent will be sought at enrolment, with an option given to patients to enrol in the main study, but not the 'drug-induced liver injury strategy study'.
Eligible patients will be randomised to one of three strategies:
1. Observe: measure transaminases, bilirubin, and INR every 3 days; do not change/stop anti-tuberculosis drugs unless transaminases rise to ≥10x normal, or total bilirubin rises \>2.0mg/dl (\>34 µmol/L), or INR \>1.5 or symptoms of hepatitis worsen (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), in which case go to Strategy 3.
2. Stop Pyrazinamide (Z) alone. Observe, measuring transaminases, bilirubin, and INR every 3 days. If transaminases do not fall to \< 5x ULN by day 5, or total bilirubin rises \>2.0mg/dl (\>34 µmol/L), or INR \>1.5 or symptoms of hepatitis worsen at any time (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), go to Strategy 3.
3. Current standard of care (the current USA CDC guidelines): stop rifampicin (R), isoniazid (H) and Z immediately and add levofloxacin and an aminoglycoside to ethambutol. Restart R (at full dose) once transaminases are \<2X ULN and no hepatitis symptoms. If no increase in transaminases after 7 days add isoniazid (at full dose) and stop levofloxacin and aminoglycoside. If transaminases remain normal on full dose R and H, Z was the likely cause and it should not be re-started and treatment duration should be extended to ≥12 months. If transaminases rise ≥ 5x ULN, or ≥3x ULN with symptoms, at any time after re-introduction of R and/or H the physician should stop R and/or H (depending on which was associated with the transaminase rise). If neither R or H can be used, treat with levofloxacin, an aminoglycoside and ethambutol. If R can be used, but not H, treat with R, levofloxacin and ethambutol. If H can be used, but not R, treat with H, levofloxacin and ethambutol.
The primary endpoint is the proportion of time in the 60 days following randomisation during which neither rifampicin nor isoniazid are given (or the subject is dead). For example, if RH is interrupted for 18 days and the participant dies 48 days after randomization, the endpoint will be 50% \[(18+(60-48))/60\]. Rifampicin and isoniazid are considered critical drugs in early TBM treatment; inability to use these agents (either through bacterial resistance or patient intolerance) is associated with poor outcome. The vast majority of interruptions are expected to be shorter than one month for strategy 3 (standard of care) but as management strategies 1 and 2 delay the time point of the interruption, a longer cut-off of 60 days was chosen.
There is a longstanding hypothesis that death from TBM results from an excessive intracerebral inflammatory response. The corollary of this hypothesis has been that adjunctive anti-inflammatory treatment with corticosteroids (e.g. dexamethasone) improves survival, which has been demonstrated in predominantly HIV-uninfected individuals in a small number of trials. Yet how corticosteroids improve survival, and whether they do so in HIV-infected patients, remains uncertain. The primary objective of this trial is to determine whether or not adjunctive corticosteroids reduce deaths from TBM in HIV-infected adults.
Adjunctive dexamethasone might improve outcomes from HIV-associated TBM by diverse mechanisms. First, it may control the early intracerebral inflammatory response, reducing cerebral oedema and intra-cranial pressure. Second, it may prevent the potentially life-threatening complications of hydrocephalus, infarction and tuberculoma formation. Third, it may prevent the incidence of anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment-associated neurological immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Finally, dexamethasone may help reduce the risk of drug-induced liver injury and thereby improve outcome by enabling uninterrupted anti-tuberculosis treatment.
The current evidence-base for using adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of HIV-associated TBM is restricted to 98 adults recruited to a trial in Vietnam published in 2004. This trial randomized a total of 545 subjects (98 of them HIV-positive) and reported an overall reduction in 9-month mortality due to dexamethasone from 41.3% (112/271) to 31.8% (87/274) (hazard ratio of time to death 0.69; 95% CI 0.52-0.92, P=0.01). While there was no clear evidence of treatment effect heterogeneity according to HIV status, the number of included HIV-infected subjects was low and the observed benefit in that subgroup was smaller: 61.4% (27/44) in the dexamethasone group died, compared to 68.5% (37/54) in the placebo group (hazard ratio of time to death 0.86; 95% CI 0.52-1.41; P=0.55).
There are limited data from HIV-infected patients with TBM treated with dexamethasone, but findings from studies using corticosteroids in HIV-infected individuals with other forms of tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections suggest corticosteroids may cause harm in those with advanced HIV infection. There is evidence that corticosteroids may increase the risk of HIV-associated malignancies, especially Kaposi sarcoma. Furthermore, a recent trial of adjunctive dexamethasone for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis performed in Southeast Asia and Africa found dexamethasone was associated with worse outcomes, with increased risk of secondary infections, hyperglycaemia and electrolyte abnormalities, and disability.
On the basis of these limited data most international guidelines cautiously recommend dexamethasone should be given for HIV-associated TBM, but all acknowledge the paucity of evidence and the need for additional controlled trial data. Our trial will meet the need for more data and aims to provide definitive evidence as to the risk/benefit of adjunctive dexamethasone in the treatment of this important and very severe disease.
Our secondary objective is to investigate alternative management strategies in a subset of patients who develop drug-induced liver injury that will enable the safe continuation of rifampicin and isoniazid therapy whenever possible. The investigators will perform an open, randomised comparison of three management strategies with the aim of demonstrating which strategy results in the least interruption in R and H treatment. All patients enrolled in the trial will be eligible to take part in this study, with the exception of those known to have TBM caused by isoniazid resistant or MDR M. tuberculosis. Consent will be sought at enrolment, with an option given to patients to enrol in the main study, but not the 'drug-induced liver injury strategy study'.
Eligible patients will be randomised to one of three strategies:
1. Observe: measure transaminases, bilirubin, and INR every 3 days; do not change/stop anti-tuberculosis drugs unless transaminases rise to ≥10x normal, or total bilirubin rises \>2.0mg/dl (\>34 µmol/L), or INR \>1.5 or symptoms of hepatitis worsen (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), in which case go to Strategy 3.
2. Stop Pyrazinamide (Z) alone. Observe, measuring transaminases, bilirubin, and INR every 3 days. If transaminases do not fall to \< 5x ULN by day 5, or total bilirubin rises \>2.0mg/dl (\>34 µmol/L), or INR \>1.5 or symptoms of hepatitis worsen at any time (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), go to Strategy 3.
3. Current standard of care (the current USA CDC guidelines): stop rifampicin (R), isoniazid (H) and Z immediately and add levofloxacin and an aminoglycoside to ethambutol. Restart R (at full dose) once transaminases are \<2X ULN and no hepatitis symptoms. If no increase in transaminases after 7 days add isoniazid (at full dose) and stop levofloxacin and aminoglycoside. If transaminases remain normal on full dose R and H, Z was the likely cause and it should not be re-started and treatment duration should be extended to ≥12 months. If transaminases rise ≥ 5x ULN, or ≥3x ULN with symptoms, at any time after re-introduction of R and/or H the physician should stop R and/or H (depending on which was associated with the transaminase rise). If neither R or H can be used, treat with levofloxacin, an aminoglycoside and ethambutol. If R can be used, but not H, treat with R, levofloxacin and ethambutol. If H can be used, but not R, treat with H, levofloxacin and ethambutol.
The primary endpoint is the proportion of time in the 60 days following randomisation during which neither rifampicin nor isoniazid are given (or the subject is dead). For example, if RH is interrupted for 18 days and the participant dies 48 days after randomization, the endpoint will be 50% \[(18+(60-48))/60\]. Rifampicin and isoniazid are considered critical drugs in early TBM treatment; inability to use these agents (either through bacterial resistance or patient intolerance) is associated with poor outcome. The vast majority of interruptions are expected to be shorter than one month for strategy 3 (standard of care) but as management strategies 1 and 2 delay the time point of the interruption, a longer cut-off of 60 days was chosen.
Conditions
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculous Meningitis
Drug-Induced Liver Injury
HIV
IRIS
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
DOUBLE
Participants
Caregivers
Study Groups
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Dexamethasone
standard anti-tuberculosis drugs plus dexamethasone for 6-8 weeks
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Dexamethasone
Intervention Type
DRUG
Active treatment with dexamethasone from randomisation (IV followed by oral according to disease severity at the start of treatment): dexamethasone for intravenous injection and dexamethasone for oral ingestion
Identical placebo
standard anti-tuberculosis drugs plus placebo for 6-8 weeks
Group Type
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Placebo
Intervention Type
OTHER
Treatment with matched placebo:
Standard saline for intravenous injection and placebo oral tablets containing cellulose
Interventions
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Dexamethasone
Active treatment with dexamethasone from randomisation (IV followed by oral according to disease severity at the start of treatment): dexamethasone for intravenous injection and dexamethasone for oral ingestion
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo
Treatment with matched placebo:
Standard saline for intravenous injection and placebo oral tablets containing cellulose
Intervention Type
OTHER
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Adult (18 years or older)
* HIV-infected
* Clinical diagnosis of TBM (≥5 days of meningitis symptoms, and CSF abnormalities) and anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy either planned or started by the attending physician
Note: Published diagnostic criteria will be applied to all enrolled participants at the end of the study when all mycobacterial culture results are available. The criteria will sub-divide all cases into definite, probable and possible TBM, and those with an alternative diagnosis.
* HIV-infected
* Clinical diagnosis of TBM (≥5 days of meningitis symptoms, and CSF abnormalities) and anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy either planned or started by the attending physician
Note: Published diagnostic criteria will be applied to all enrolled participants at the end of the study when all mycobacterial culture results are available. The criteria will sub-divide all cases into definite, probable and possible TBM, and those with an alternative diagnosis.
Exclusion Criteria
* An additional brain infection (other than TBM) confirmed or suspected: positive CSF Gram or India Ink stain; positive blood or CSF Cryptococcal antigen test; cerebral toxoplasmosis suspected and attending physician wants to give anti-toxoplasmosis treatment with anti-tuberculosis treatment
* More than 6 consecutive days of two or more drugs active against M. tuberculosis immediately before screening
* More than 3 consecutive days of any type of orally or intravenously administered corticosteroid immediately before randomisation
* Dexamethasone considered mandatory for any reason by the attending physician
* Dexamethasone considered to be contraindicated for any reason by the attending physician
* Previously been randomised into the trial for a prior episode of TBM
* Lack of consent from the participant or family member (if the participant is incapacitated by the disease)
* More than 6 consecutive days of two or more drugs active against M. tuberculosis immediately before screening
* More than 3 consecutive days of any type of orally or intravenously administered corticosteroid immediately before randomisation
* Dexamethasone considered mandatory for any reason by the attending physician
* Dexamethasone considered to be contraindicated for any reason by the attending physician
* Previously been randomised into the trial for a prior episode of TBM
* Lack of consent from the participant or family member (if the participant is incapacitated by the disease)
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
RSUP Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
UNKNOWN
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Principal Investigators
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Guy Thwaites, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
University of Oxford, UK
Locations
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Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
Jakarta, , Indonesia
Site Status
Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit
Jakarta, , Indonesia
Site Status
RSUP Persahabatan Hospital
Jakarta, , Indonesia
Site Status
Hospital for Tropical Diseases
Ho Chi Minh City, , Vietnam
Site Status
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
Ho Chi Minh City, , Vietnam
Site Status
Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital
Ho Chi Minh City, , Vietnam
Site Status
Countries
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Indonesia
Vietnam
References
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Thwaites GE, van Toorn R, Schoeman J. Tuberculous meningitis: more questions, still too few answers. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Oct;12(10):999-1010. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70168-6. Epub 2013 Aug 23.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kalita J, Misra UK. Outcome of tuberculous meningitis at 6 and 12 months: a multiple regression analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999 Mar;3(3):261-5.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Thwaites GE, Duc Bang N, Huy Dung N, Thi Quy H, Thi Tuong Oanh D, Thi Cam Thoa N, Quang Hien N, Tri Thuc N, Ngoc Hai N, Thi Ngoc Lan N, Ngoc Lan N, Hong Duc N, Ngoc Tuan V, Huu Hiep C, Thi Hong Chau T, Phuong Mai P, Thi Dung N, Stepniewska K, Simmons CP, White NJ, Tinh Hien T, Farrar JJ. The influence of HIV infection on clinical presentation, response to treatment, and outcome in adults with Tuberculous meningitis. J Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 15;192(12):2134-41. doi: 10.1086/498220. Epub 2005 Nov 15.
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BACKGROUND
Fallon RJ, Kennedy DH. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Infect. 1993 Mar;26(2):226. doi: 10.1016/0163-4453(93)93247-2. No abstract available.
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BACKGROUND
STEWART SM. The bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Pathol. 1953 Aug;6(3):241-2. doi: 10.1136/jcp.6.3.241. No abstract available.
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BACKGROUND
Thwaites GE, Chau TT, Farrar JJ. Improving the bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Jan;42(1):378-9. doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.1.378-379.2004.
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BACKGROUND
Nhu NT, Heemskerk D, Thu do DA, Chau TT, Mai NT, Nghia HD, Loc PP, Ha DT, Merson L, Thinh TT, Day J, Chau Nv, Wolbers M, Farrar J, Caws M. Evaluation of GeneXpert MTB/RIF for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Jan;52(1):226-33. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01834-13. Epub 2013 Nov 6.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Patel VB, Connolly C, Singh R, Lenders L, Matinyenya B, Theron G, Ndung'u T, Dheda K. Comparison of amplicor and GeneXpert MTB/RIF tests for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Oct;52(10):3777-80. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01235-14. Epub 2014 Jul 23.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Marais S, Pepper DJ, Schutz C, Wilkinson RJ, Meintjes G. Presentation and outcome of tuberculous meningitis in a high HIV prevalence setting. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20077. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020077. Epub 2011 May 19.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
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Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Thwaites G, Fisher M, Hemingway C, Scott G, Solomon T, Innes J; British Infection Society. British Infection Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis of the central nervous system in adults and children. J Infect. 2009 Sep;59(3):167-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.06.011. Epub 2009 Jul 4.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Masur H, Brooks JT, Benson CA, Holmes KK, Pau AK, Kaplan JE; National Institutes of Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Updated Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 May;58(9):1308-11. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu094. Epub 2014 Feb 27.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Thwaites GE. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2013 Jun;26(3):295-300. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283602814.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Ellard GA, Humphries MJ, Allen BW. Cerebrospinal fluid drug concentrations and the treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Sep;148(3):650-5. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.3.650.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Ruslami R, Ganiem AR, Dian S, Apriani L, Achmad TH, van der Ven AJ, Borm G, Aarnoutse RE, van Crevel R. Intensified regimen containing rifampicin and moxifloxacin for tuberculous meningitis: an open-label, randomised controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013 Jan;13(1):27-35. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70264-5. Epub 2012 Oct 25.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Heemskerk AD, Bang ND, Mai NT, Chau TT, Phu NH, Loc PP, Chau NV, Hien TT, Dung NH, Lan NT, Lan NH, Lan NN, Phong le T, Vien NN, Hien NQ, Yen NT, Ha DT, Day JN, Caws M, Merson L, Thinh TT, Wolbers M, Thwaites GE, Farrar JJ. Intensified Antituberculosis Therapy in Adults with Tuberculous Meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 14;374(2):124-34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1507062.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Tho DQ, Torok ME, Yen NT, Bang ND, Lan NT, Kiet VS, van Vinh Chau N, Dung NH, Day J, Farrar J, Wolbers M, Caws M. Influence of antituberculosis drug resistance and Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage on outcome in HIV-associated tuberculous meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Jun;56(6):3074-9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00319-12. Epub 2012 Apr 2.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Thwaites GE, Lan NT, Dung NH, Quy HT, Oanh DT, Thoa NT, Hien NQ, Thuc NT, Hai NN, Bang ND, Lan NN, Duc NH, Tuan VN, Hiep CH, Chau TT, Mai PP, Dung NT, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Hien TT, Farrar JJ. Effect of antituberculosis drug resistance on response to treatment and outcome in adults with tuberculous meningitis. J Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 1;192(1):79-88. doi: 10.1086/430616. Epub 2005 May 20.
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Seddon JA, Visser DH, Bartens M, Jordaan AM, Victor TC, van Furth AM, Schoeman JF, Schaaf HS. Impact of drug resistance on clinical outcome in children with tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Jul;31(7):711-6. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e318253acf8.
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BACKGROUND
Torok ME, Farrar JJ. When to start antiretroviral therapy in HIV-associated tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 20;365(16):1538-40. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe1109546. No abstract available.
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BACKGROUND
Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, Padayatchi N, Baxter C, Gray AL, Gengiah T, Gengiah S, Naidoo A, Jithoo N, Nair G, El-Sadr WM, Friedland G, Abdool Karim Q. Integration of antiretroviral therapy with tuberculosis treatment. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 20;365(16):1492-501. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1014181.
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BACKGROUND
Havlir DV, Kendall MA, Ive P, Kumwenda J, Swindells S, Qasba SS, Luetkemeyer AF, Hogg E, Rooney JF, Wu X, Hosseinipour MC, Lalloo U, Veloso VG, Some FF, Kumarasamy N, Padayatchi N, Santos BR, Reid S, Hakim J, Mohapi L, Mugyenyi P, Sanchez J, Lama JR, Pape JW, Sanchez A, Asmelash A, Moko E, Sawe F, Andersen J, Sanne I; AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5221. Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 20;365(16):1482-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1013607.
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BACKGROUND
Blanc FX, Sok T, Laureillard D, Borand L, Rekacewicz C, Nerrienet E, Madec Y, Marcy O, Chan S, Prak N, Kim C, Lak KK, Hak C, Dim B, Sin CI, Sun S, Guillard B, Sar B, Vong S, Fernandez M, Fox L, Delfraissy JF, Goldfeld AE; CAMELIA (ANRS 1295-CIPRA KH001) Study Team. Earlier versus later start of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults with tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 20;365(16):1471-81. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1013911.
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BACKGROUND
Torok ME, Yen NT, Chau TT, Mai NT, Phu NH, Mai PP, Dung NT, Chau NV, Bang ND, Tien NA, Minh NH, Hien NQ, Thai PV, Dong DT, Anh DT, Thoa NT, Hai NN, Lan NN, Lan NT, Quy HT, Dung NH, Hien TT, Chinh NT, Simmons CP, de Jong M, Wolbers M, Farrar JJ. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)--associated tuberculous meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jun;52(11):1374-83. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir230.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Dass R, Nagaraj R, Murlidharan J, Singhi S. Hyponatraemia and hypovolemic shock with tuberculous meningitis. Indian J Pediatr. 2003 Dec;70(12):995-7. doi: 10.1007/BF02723828.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Figaji AA, Fieggen AG. The neurosurgical and acute care management of tuberculous meningitis: evidence and current practice. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2010 Nov;90(6):393-400. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.09.005. Epub 2010 Oct 20.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Celik U, Celik T, Tolunay O, Baspinar H, Komur M, Levent F. Cerebral salt wasting in tuberculous meningitis: Two cases and review of the literature. Case Report. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2015;36(4):306-10.
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BACKGROUND
Pepper DJ, Marais S, Maartens G, Rebe K, Morroni C, Rangaka MX, Oni T, Wilkinson RJ, Meintjes G. Neurologic manifestations of paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case series. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 1;48(11):e96-107. doi: 10.1086/598988.
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Marais S, Wilkinson KA, Lesosky M, Coussens AK, Deffur A, Pepper DJ, Schutz C, Ismail Z, Meintjes G, Wilkinson RJ. Neutrophil-associated central nervous system inflammation in tuberculous meningitis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Dec 1;59(11):1638-47. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu641. Epub 2014 Aug 8.
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Donovan J, Bang ND, Imran D, Nghia HDT, Burhan E, Huong DTT, Hiep NTT, Ngoc LHB, Thanh DV, Thanh NT, Wardhani ALS, Maharani K, Gasmara CP, Hanh NHH, Oanh PKN, Estiasari R, Thu DDA, Kusumaningrum A, Dung LT, Giang DC, Ha DTM, Lan NH, Chau NVV, Nguyet NTM, Geskus RB, Thuong NTT, Kestelyn E, Hamers RL, Phu NH, Thwaites GE; ACT HIV Investigators. Adjunctive Dexamethasone for Tuberculous Meningitis in HIV-Positive Adults. N Engl J Med. 2023 Oct 12;389(15):1357-1367. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2216218.
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DERIVED
Donovan J, Oanh PKN, Dobbs N, Phu NH, Nghia HDT, Summers D, Thuong NTT, Thwaites GE; Vietnam ICU Translational Applications Laboratory (VITAL) Investigators. Optic Nerve Sheath Ultrasound for the Detection and Monitoring of Raised Intracranial Pressure in Tuberculous Meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Nov 2;73(9):e3536-e3544. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1823.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Other Identifiers
Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.
26TB
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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