Thyroid in Bariatric Surgery

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

10 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2011-06-30

Study Completion Date

2016-08-31

Brief Summary

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This study is expected to provide novel data regarding potential structural and functional changes of the thyroid gland in morbidly obese adults following significant weight loss through bariatric surgery. These data will complement evidence from epidemiological studies regarding the association of obesity and alterations in thyroid function. Potentially this study may justify further longer-term studies regarding the effects of weight gain and/or weight loss on the morphology of the thyroid gland and could help to form recommendations regarding follow-up investigations for the thyroid in morbidly obese patients.

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Detailed Description

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Alterations in thyroid function are reported in obesity. Thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations have been variously described as normal, elevated, or low in morbidly obese patients compared with normal weight controls. However, it is a common observation that a significant proportion of patients with morbid obesity display slightly increased serum levels of TSH, while even relatively mild elevations of serum TSH are associated with an increase in the occurrence of obesity. Of note, abnormalities in thyroid function and TSH mostly normalize after weight loss, suggesting that these biochemical alterations are reversible. Despite uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms, it has been suggested that neither autoimmunity nor iodine deficiency seems to play a critical role. Several alternative mechanisms leading to hyperthyrotropinemia have been hypothesized, which include impaired feedback due to decreased number of triiodothyronine (T3) receptors in the hypothalamus, and variations in peripheral deiodinase activity. Leptin, in addition to regulating body weight and satiation, has also been shown to mediate the production of pro-TRH in cultured fetal rat hypothalamic neurons. Partial regulation of TSH by leptin has been also reported in humans. In addition, peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism appears to be reflected by the ratio of T3 to reverse T3 (rT3) (T3/rT3-ratio). We have shown that the T3/rT3-ratio is significantly increased in insulin resistant patients compared to their insulin sensitive partners despite comparable TSH values. Given that obesity is strongly associated with insulin resistance, and thyroid hormones are known to modulate carbohydrate metabolism, e.g. by affecting cellular glucose uptake, possible changes in the T3/fT3 ratio following weight loss after bariatric surgery could be of interest.

Data from cross-sectional studies further indicate that the thyroid structure of obese patients can be also affected, independent of the existence of autoimmune thyroiditis as indicated by the presence of auto-antibodies such as TPO. Ultrasound (US) scans are able to accurately characterize the echographic structure of thyroid tissue, in addition to estimation of thyroid volume and identification of non-palpable thyroid nodules. The typical normal thyroid parenchyma has a distinct high echo density due to the follicle structure, which contrasts well with tissue of the collar muscles. The interface between thyroid cells and the colloid exhibits elevated acoustic impedance, causing high-frequency acoustic waves to be reflected back to the US probe. However, in autoimmune thyroid diseases both lymphocytic infiltration and disruption of normal tissue architecture cause a reduction in thyroid echogenicity, whereas other tissues close by such as muscle tissue appear to remain unaffected. Only few previous studies reported on the morphology of the thyroid gland in adults with morbid obesity. Given that thyroid function has been reported to return to normal after weight loss, research questions are also raised about the potential reversibility of thyroid structural abnormalities following substantial weight loss in previously morbidly obese patients.

Conditions

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Thyroid Obesity Insulin Resistance Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

DIAGNOSTIC

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Obese patients treated with bariatric surgery

Patients with morbid obesity who were eligible for and willing to have bariatric surgery performed

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Bariatric surgery

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

patients who had received treatment with bariatric surgery for medical reasons

Obese patients not treated with bariatric surgery

Age and BMI matched patients with morbid obesity who either were not eligible for or were not willing to have bariatric surgery performed - no sufficient number of matched patients has completed the study; the arm of obese patients not treated with bariatric surgery has been discarded for the purpose of the analyses

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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Bariatric surgery

patients who had received treatment with bariatric surgery for medical reasons

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

1. Obesity (BMI \> 40 kg/m2)
2. Age: 18-65

Exclusion Criteria

1. Diagnosis of obesity secondary to primary endocrine or systemic disease (e.g. Cushing's syndrome)
2. Evidence of clinically relevant thyroid disease
3. Chronic systematic inflammatory disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis)
4. Pregnancy
5. Treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. corticosteroids)
6. Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

65 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No