Dietary Sugars Found In Breast Milk

NCT ID: NCT02940795

Last Updated: 2017-01-24

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 41 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2016-04-30
• Study Completion Date: 2016-12-31

Brief Summary

The majority of pregnant women in the United States are either overweight or obese at conception with their offspring having greater adiposity at birth, a 2-fold greater risk of later obesity and neonatal insulin resistance.

Conventional wisdom holds that breast-milk composition is uniform; recently our group has questioned this. An increase in consumption of dietary sugars including fructose over the past 30 years has risen, and this has been associated with chronic metabolic and endocrine disorders and phenotypic alterations that promote obesity and diabetes. However, no prior studies have examined how maternal increases of sugars/fructose during lactation affects breast-milk composition with potential transmission to the infant. The objective of this proposal is to comprehensively assess the presence and pharmacokinetics of sugars, including fructose in human breast-milk in response to maternal consumption. The central hypothesis is that a graded, dose-response relationship be-tween maternal adiposity and sugar concentrations in breast-milk exist and that milk fructose concentrations are associated with altered body composition in the first months of life. This proposal, guided by compelling preliminary data will examine the evidence linking high intakes of milk fructose with altered metabolism and early obesity by pursuing two Specific Aims: 1) Test novel relationships between breast-milk sugars and changes in infant fat mass and 2) Characterize the pharmacokinetics of milk sugars after consuming a 20 oz. cola. These aims are significant given the intractability of obesity/diabetes and a potentially identifiable novel target, making for a clear but powerful public message to reduce sugary beverage consumption during lactation.

Detailed Description

One of the most highly effective preventive measures a mother can make in protecting the health of her infant and herself is to breastfeed. Despite extensive research on breast-milk, limited information beyond basic micro/macronutrient composition currently exists in the literature. Breast-milk is a complex, non-uniform biological substance. In prior studies the PI has shown significant associations be-tween non-nutritive constituents in breast-milk (e.g. IL-6, TNF-α, insulin, leptin) and body composition in infants starting at 4wks of age. The putative causal influence of breastfeeding reducing obesity is mixed with no clear probative evidence showing causal pathways. Despite many studies in this area, there are no detailed studies that have examined the potential modifying role of maternal diet, especially one high in sugars on the compositional makeup of the three largest breast-milk sugars (glucose, galactose and lactose) with none to date looking at fructose. Animal models have demonstrated that the obesogenic effect of maternal fructose consumption is transmitted to offspring via breast-milk with fructose-fed lactating dams producing offspring with double fasting insulin levels compared to control pups. This is relevant in humans because of the increase in dietary sugar consumption that has occurred in the population.

A mother/infant cohort (n=37) has been established with detailed infant phenotypic body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and detailed breast-milk analysis (insulin, leptin, IL-6, TNF-α but no milk sugars other than glucose) in exclusively breast feeding mothers varying widely in BMI (19 to 44 kg/m2). Sampling of breast-milk and infant body composition occurred at both 4 and 24wks. As a proof of concept, fructose was detected in breast-milk from 9 of these mothers which was significantly related to infant body fat, which is a novel finding to date and has never been reported in the literature. Building upon this prior work this study will determine the concentration and pharmacokinetics of breast-milk sugars after a test beverage is consumed.

Conditions

Lactation

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: CROSSOVER
• Primary Study Purpose: BASIC_SCIENCE
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

Coke cola

Exclusively lactating mothers with infants between 4-6 weeks were investigated. Lactating mothers will be consume a 20 ounce bottle of coke cola.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Coke

Intervention Type: OTHER

Patients were given a 20 ounce bottle of Coke Cola.

Diet Rite

Intervention Type: OTHER

Patients were given a 12 ounce can of Diet Rite.

Diet Rite

Exclusively lactating mothers with infants between 4-6 weeks were asked to consume a 12 ounce bottle of diet rite.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Coke

Intervention Type: OTHER

Patients were given a 20 ounce bottle of Coke Cola.

Diet Rite

Intervention Type: OTHER

Patients were given a 12 ounce can of Diet Rite.

Interventions

Coke

Patients were given a 20 ounce bottle of Coke Cola.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Diet Rite

Patients were given a 12 ounce can of Diet Rite.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Exclusively lactating mothers
• Mothers must be 3 weeks to 6 weeks postpartum

Exclusion Criteria

• Smoked during pregnancy or are currently smoking
• Unable to provide breast milk samples using a breast pump

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 45 Years
• Eligible Sex: FEMALE
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

University of Oklahoma

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

David A. Fields, PhD

Associate Professor

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

David A Fields, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University of Oklahoma

References

Rother KI, Sylvetsky AC, Walter PJ, Garraffo HM, Fields DA. Pharmacokinetics of Sucralose and Acesulfame-Potassium in Breast Milk Following Ingestion of Diet Soda. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018 Mar;66(3):466-470. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001817.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 29077645 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

5297

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id