Effect of Levobupivacaine Infiltration on the Post Partum Perineal Pain in Episiotomy, in Primiparous Women After Instrumental Delivery

NCT ID: NCT02796547

Last Updated: 2018-07-13

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

WITHDRAWN

Clinical Phase

PHASE2

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2016-07-14

Study Completion Date

2018-05-29

Brief Summary

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An episiotomy is an incision of the perineum to facilitate childbirth by natural means. Perineal pain are more frequent and intense if the incision of the perineum is important. In particular, simple vaginal or perineal tears are less painful than episiotomies in the first seven days postpartum, whereas at six weeks postpartum, there is no significant difference anymore.The patients are the most symptomatic in the immediate postnatal period, but the pain may persist up to 2 weeks after delivery in 20 to 25% of cases. These pains are often undervalued and may interfere with the mother-child bond in the absence of an effective treatment. Perineal pain are usually treated with painkillers, in particular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs given orally or rectally and paracetamol.

The scar infiltration is one of the components of a multimodal postoperative analgesia strategy. It consists in the simultaneous use of several drugs or analgesic techniques, acting on different pain components in order to improve the overall efficiency.The most used local anesthetics at present are bupivacaine, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine.Ropivacaine has a lesser vasodilatory effect than bupivacaine, resulting in longer persistence at the injection point and a blood resorption that is more spread. The systemic toxicity threshold is also higher. Levobupivacaine is the enantiomer of bupivacaine. It has vascular effects, and an intermediate systemic toxicity threshold intermediate between bupivacaine and ropivacaine. Lidocaine has a limited duration of action. Its use is interesting in complement infiltrations when a rapid onset of action is desired.

So far, there is no data in the literature regarding the effect of levobupivacaine in episiotomies associated pain. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of local injections of levobupivacaine on episiotomies associated pain.

Detailed Description

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An episiotomy is an incision of the perineum to facilitate childbirth by natural means. This gesture is performed in 68% of primiparous women and 31% of multiparous women, according to Audipog data of 2003, with a downward trend since the 80's. The episiotomy reduces the risk of occurrence of anterior perineal tears, but has no preventive effect on 3rd and 4th grade perineal tears, according to the Anglo-Saxon classification. The French national college of obstetricians and gynecologists (CNGOF) recommends thus a restrictive use of episiotomy. Perineal pain are more frequent and intense if the incision of the perineum is important. In particular, simple vaginal or perineal tears are less painful than episiotomies in the first seven days postpartum, whereas at six weeks postpartum, there is no significant difference anymore.The patients are the most symptomatic in the immediate postnatal period, but the pain may persist up to 2 weeks after delivery in 20 to 25% of cases. These pains are often undervalued and may interfere with the mother-child bond in the absence of an effective treatment. Perineal pain are usually treated with painkillers, in particular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs given orally or rectally and paracetamol.

The scar infiltration is one of the components of a multimodal postoperative analgesia strategy. It consists in the simultaneous use of several drugs or analgesic techniques, acting on different pain components in order to improve the overall efficiency. This also reduces the consumption of analgesics having multiple side effects, such as opioids. Local anesthetics act at several levels. First, they block the transmission of pain messages at the nocireceptors level and have an analgesic effect on the nearby surgery site. The immediate post-operative pain is thus diminished. Furthermore, by blocking the pain message at the peripheric level, local anesthetics might have an effect on the formation of central hyperalgesia, responsible for longer-term pain. The local anesthetics also have local and systemic anti-inflammatory properties, that may have an effect on postoperative pain and on the establishment of hyperalgesic phenomena.

The most used local anesthetics at present are bupivacaine, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Ropivacaine has a lesser vasodilatory effect than bupivacaine, resulting in longer persistence at the injection point and a blood resorption that is more spread. The systemic toxicity threshold is also higher. Levobupivacaine is the enantiomer of bupivacaine. It has vascular effects, and an intermediate systemic toxicity threshold intermediate between bupivacaine and ropivacaine. Lidocaine has a limited duration of action. Its use is interesting in complement infiltrations when a rapid onset of action is desired.

Many scar infiltration indications are documented in the literature, such as inguinal hernias, hemorrhoids cures, thyroidectomy, orthopedic surgery, breast surgery, and cesarean section.Various studies evaluated the effectiveness of different local anesthetics in episiotomies and perineal tears.

So far, there is no data in the literature regarding the effect of levobupivacaine in episiotomies associated pain. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of local injections of levobupivacaine on episiotomies associated pain.

Conditions

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Episiotomy

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

DOUBLE

Participants Investigators

Study Groups

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Levobupivacaine

Primiparous patients in whom a instrumental delivery with episiotomy is conducted. The infiltration of the banks of the episiotomy will be done with Levobupivacaine. This is the only intervention specific to the study, as compared to the standard of care.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Levobupivacaine

Intervention Type DRUG

Infiltration of the banks of the episiotomy done with Levobupivacaine

Placebo

Primiparous patients in whom a instrumental delivery with episiotomy is conducted. The infiltration of the banks of the episiotomy will be done with physiological serum.This is the only intervention specific to the study, as compared to the standard of care.

Group Type PLACEBO_COMPARATOR

Physiological serum

Intervention Type OTHER

Infiltration of the banks of the episiotomy done with physiological serum

Interventions

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Levobupivacaine

Infiltration of the banks of the episiotomy done with Levobupivacaine

Intervention Type DRUG

Physiological serum

Infiltration of the banks of the episiotomy done with physiological serum

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Primiparous
* Vaginal delivery with instrumentation (Suzor forceps, vacuum extraction, Thierry spatulas) with episiotomy
* Fœtus In cephalic position
* Single pregnancy
* Patient at least 18 years old
* Term superior or equal to 37 weeks of amenorrhea
* Patient under epidural analgesia
* Patient affiliated to a social security scheme
* Good understanding of French

Exclusion Criteria

* Ineffective epidural analgesia, defined by the need for additional local anesthesia for episiotomy repair
* Perineal tear of the 3rd or 4th grade, according to the Anglo-Saxon classification
* Contra indications to levobupivacaine, paracetamol, ketoprofen
* Participation refusal
* Postpartum hemorrhage requiring arterial embolization, reoperation (evacuation of a vaginal thrombus, vessel ligation, hysterectomy by laparotomy) or placement of a Bakri® balloon.
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Eligible Sex

FEMALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Brugmann University Hospital

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Andre Nazac

Head of clinic

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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André Nazac, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

CHU Brugmann

Florent FUCHS, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University Hospital, Montpellier

Locations

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CHU Brugmann

Brussels, , Belgium

Site Status

CHU Montpellier

Montpellier, , France

Site Status

Countries

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Belgium France

References

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Vendittelli F, Gallot D. [What are the epidemiologic data in regard to episiotomy?]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2006 Feb;35(1 Suppl):1S12-1S23. French.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 16495823 (View on PubMed)

de Tayrac R, Panel L, Masson G, Mares P. [Episiotomy and prevention of perineal and pelvic floor injuries]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2006 Feb;35(1 Suppl):1S24-1S31. French.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 16495824 (View on PubMed)

College National de Gynecolegues et Obstetriciens Francais. [Text of the guideline for episiotomy]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2006 Feb;35(1 Suppl):1S77-1S80. No abstract available. French.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 16495830 (View on PubMed)

Macarthur AJ, Macarthur C. Incidence, severity, and determinants of perineal pain after vaginal delivery: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Oct;191(4):1199-204. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.02.064.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 15507941 (View on PubMed)

Albers L, Garcia J, Renfrew M, McCandlish R, Elbourne D. Distribution of genital tract trauma in childbirth and related postnatal pain. Birth. 1999 Mar;26(1):11-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-536x.1999.00011.x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 10352050 (View on PubMed)

Peter EA, Janssen PA, Grange CS, Douglas MJ. Ibuprofen versus acetaminophen with codeine for the relief of perineal pain after childbirth: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2001 Oct 30;165(9):1203-9.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 11706909 (View on PubMed)

Hedayati H, Parsons J, Crowther CA. Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD003931. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003931.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 12917995 (View on PubMed)

White PF. The changing role of non-opioid analgesic techniques in the management of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg. 2005 Nov;101(5 Suppl):S5-S22. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000177099.28914.A7.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 16334489 (View on PubMed)

Marret E, Kurdi O, Zufferey P, Bonnet F. Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on patient-controlled analgesia morphine side effects: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2005 Jun;102(6):1249-60. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200506000-00027.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 15915040 (View on PubMed)

Brennan TJ, Zahn PK, Pogatzki-Zahn EM. Mechanisms of incisional pain. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2005 Mar;23(1):1-20. doi: 10.1016/j.atc.2004.11.009.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 15763408 (View on PubMed)

Kawamata M, Watanabe H, Nishikawa K, Takahashi T, Kozuka Y, Kawamata T, Omote K, Namiki A. Different mechanisms of development and maintenance of experimental incision-induced hyperalgesia in human skin. Anesthesiology. 2002 Sep;97(3):550-9. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200209000-00006.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 12218519 (View on PubMed)

Sanford M, Keating GM. Levobupivacaine: a review of its use in regional anaesthesia and pain management. Drugs. 2010 Apr 16;70(6):761-91. doi: 10.2165/11203250-000000000-00000.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 20394458 (View on PubMed)

Ausems ME, Hulsewe KW, Hooymans PM, Hoofwijk AG. Postoperative analgesia requirements at home after inguinal hernia repair: effects of wound infiltration on postoperative pain. Anaesthesia. 2007 Apr;62(4):325-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.04991.x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 17381566 (View on PubMed)

Franchi M, Cromi A, Scarperi S, Gaudino F, Siesto G, Ghezzi F. Comparison between lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) and mepivacaine infiltration for pain relief during perineal repair after childbirth: a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Aug;201(2):186.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.04.023. Epub 2009 Jun 26.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 19560111 (View on PubMed)

Minassian VA, Jazayeri A, Prien SD, Timmons RL, Stumbo K. Randomized trial of lidocaine ointment versus placebo for the treatment of postpartum perineal pain. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Dec;100(6):1239-43. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02339-6.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 12468168 (View on PubMed)

Kafali H, Iltemur Duvan C, Gozdemir E, Simavli S, Ozturk Turhan N. Placement of bupivacaine-soaked Spongostan in episiotomy bed is effective treatment modality for episiotomy-associated pain. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2008 Nov-Dec;15(6):719-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2008.08.006.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 18971135 (View on PubMed)

Sillou S, Carbonnel M, N'Doko S, Dhonneur G, Uzan M, Poncelet C. [Postpartum perineal pain: effectiveness of local ropivacaine infiltration]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2009 Oct;38(6):510-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2009.03.008. Epub 2009 Jun 2. French.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 19493636 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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CHUB-EQUIDOL

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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