The Role of Aldosterone on Augmented Exercise Pressor Reflex in Hypertension
NCT ID: NCT01996449
Last Updated: 2022-03-18
Study Results
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View full resultsBasic Information
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COMPLETED
PHASE2
14 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2013-07-31
2021-04-30
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Traditionally, muscle afferents were dichotomized as metaboreceptors, which are activated slowly and only during intense or ischemic muscle contraction, or mechanoreceptors, which respond quickly to even mild deformation of their receptive fields. The increase in sympathetic nerve activity and BP caused by activation of these receptors, known as exercise pressor reflex, is normally buffered by activation arterial baroreceptors, which are reset to operate at higher BP range but at the same level of sensitivity. Mechanisms responsible for overactive exercise pressor reflex in hypertension remain unknown, but an increasing body of evidence suggested a role for aldosterone in regulating resting central sympathetic outflow in both hypertensive rats and humans.
Experiments will be performed on 3 groups of subjects 1) stage I (140-159/90-99 mmHg) subjects with essential hypertension, 2) stage I hypertensive subjects with Primary Aldosteronism (PA), and 3) normotensive controls. All participants will attend a baseline study visit, which will include a physical examination, a medical history review, vital sign measurements, and blood and urine collection. Small electrodes will be used to measure muscle nerve activity while the subjects perform a series of exercises that include passive arm cycling, active arm cycling, rhythmic hand grip, sustained hand grip and cold pressor test. Muscle blood flow will be measured before and after hand grip exercises.
A subgroup of subjects with essential hypertension and PA will be assigned to receive Eplerenone or Amlodipine on a randomized, double-blinded design. Participants will attend two weeks visits over a period of 16 weeks. Study visits include measurement of vital signs and blood samples collection. After completing 8 weeks on each medication, muscle nerve activity will be measured while performing the same exercises described in the baseline study visit.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
CROSSOVER
BASIC_SCIENCE
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Initial treatment with Amlodipine
The subject will be started on Amlodipine 2.5-10 mg daily, which he or she will continue for a period of 12 weeks. Following the 12-week treatment period, the procedures listed below will be performed. After completion of the study procedures, the medication will be discontinued. The subject will be started on Eplerenone 50 - 200 mg daily, which he or she will continue for a period of 8 weeks. Following the 8 week treatment period, the procedures listed below will be performed. After completion of the study procedures, the medication will be discontinued.
Eplerenone
The subject will be started on Eplerenone (Inspra) 50-200mg daily, which he or she will continue for a period of 8 weeks. Following the 8-week treatment period, the procedures listed below will be performed. After completion of the study procedures, the medication will be discontinued
Amlodipine
The subject will be started on Amlodipine (Norvasc) 2.5 -10mg daily, which he or she will continue for a period of 8 weeks. Following the 8-week treatment period, the procedures listed below will be performed. After completion of the study procedures, the medication will be discontinued.
Microneurography
Investigators will measure sympathetic nerve activity from the peroneal nerve by inserting a tiny needle directly into the nerve in the leg. Investigators will localize the nerve by electrical stimulation over the skin using a blunt probe. With this stimulation, subject will notice either involuntary twitching or a tingling sensation, which may be annoying but not painful. Investigators will then introduce a tiny, sterile wire needle (an electrode) through the skin at the same location. When the tip of the needle enters the nerve, subjects may again notice involuntary muscle twitches or tingling in the leg. Investigators will then turn the electrical stimulator off and make minor adjustments in the position of the needle until investigators begin to record the nerve signals. The recording needle will remain in position throughout the study.
Rhythmic handgrip exercise
Subjects will perform a rhythmic handgrip exercise at 30% or 45% of maximal voluntary contraction for 3 minutes. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline and following this handgrip exercise
Sustained hand grip
Subjects will perform a sustained handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction for 3 minutes. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline and following this handgrip exercise.
Forearm blood flow
Using high-resolution ultrasound, investigators will measure skeletal muscle blood flow in the forearm at rest, following sustained handgrip exercise
Arm cycling exercise
Subjects will perform a cycling arm exercise with a stationary cycling device. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline and following this exercise.
Cold Pressor test
Subjects will place hand in cold water with ice for 3 minutes. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline, during and 2 minutes after the test.
Initial treatment with Eplerenone
The subject will be started on Eplerenone 50 - 200 mg daily, which he or she will continue for a period of 12 weeks. Following the 12-week treatment period, the procedures listed below will be performed. After completion of the study procedures, the medication will be discontinued. The subject will be started on Amlodipine 2.5-10 mg daily, which he or she will continue for a period of 8 weeks. Following the 8 week treatment period, the procedures listed below will be performed. After completion of the study procedures, the medication will be discontinued.
Eplerenone
The subject will be started on Eplerenone (Inspra) 50-200mg daily, which he or she will continue for a period of 8 weeks. Following the 8-week treatment period, the procedures listed below will be performed. After completion of the study procedures, the medication will be discontinued
Amlodipine
The subject will be started on Amlodipine (Norvasc) 2.5 -10mg daily, which he or she will continue for a period of 8 weeks. Following the 8-week treatment period, the procedures listed below will be performed. After completion of the study procedures, the medication will be discontinued.
Microneurography
Investigators will measure sympathetic nerve activity from the peroneal nerve by inserting a tiny needle directly into the nerve in the leg. Investigators will localize the nerve by electrical stimulation over the skin using a blunt probe. With this stimulation, subject will notice either involuntary twitching or a tingling sensation, which may be annoying but not painful. Investigators will then introduce a tiny, sterile wire needle (an electrode) through the skin at the same location. When the tip of the needle enters the nerve, subjects may again notice involuntary muscle twitches or tingling in the leg. Investigators will then turn the electrical stimulator off and make minor adjustments in the position of the needle until investigators begin to record the nerve signals. The recording needle will remain in position throughout the study.
Rhythmic handgrip exercise
Subjects will perform a rhythmic handgrip exercise at 30% or 45% of maximal voluntary contraction for 3 minutes. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline and following this handgrip exercise
Sustained hand grip
Subjects will perform a sustained handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction for 3 minutes. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline and following this handgrip exercise.
Forearm blood flow
Using high-resolution ultrasound, investigators will measure skeletal muscle blood flow in the forearm at rest, following sustained handgrip exercise
Arm cycling exercise
Subjects will perform a cycling arm exercise with a stationary cycling device. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline and following this exercise.
Cold Pressor test
Subjects will place hand in cold water with ice for 3 minutes. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline, during and 2 minutes after the test.
Interventions
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Eplerenone
The subject will be started on Eplerenone (Inspra) 50-200mg daily, which he or she will continue for a period of 8 weeks. Following the 8-week treatment period, the procedures listed below will be performed. After completion of the study procedures, the medication will be discontinued
Amlodipine
The subject will be started on Amlodipine (Norvasc) 2.5 -10mg daily, which he or she will continue for a period of 8 weeks. Following the 8-week treatment period, the procedures listed below will be performed. After completion of the study procedures, the medication will be discontinued.
Microneurography
Investigators will measure sympathetic nerve activity from the peroneal nerve by inserting a tiny needle directly into the nerve in the leg. Investigators will localize the nerve by electrical stimulation over the skin using a blunt probe. With this stimulation, subject will notice either involuntary twitching or a tingling sensation, which may be annoying but not painful. Investigators will then introduce a tiny, sterile wire needle (an electrode) through the skin at the same location. When the tip of the needle enters the nerve, subjects may again notice involuntary muscle twitches or tingling in the leg. Investigators will then turn the electrical stimulator off and make minor adjustments in the position of the needle until investigators begin to record the nerve signals. The recording needle will remain in position throughout the study.
Rhythmic handgrip exercise
Subjects will perform a rhythmic handgrip exercise at 30% or 45% of maximal voluntary contraction for 3 minutes. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline and following this handgrip exercise
Sustained hand grip
Subjects will perform a sustained handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction for 3 minutes. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline and following this handgrip exercise.
Forearm blood flow
Using high-resolution ultrasound, investigators will measure skeletal muscle blood flow in the forearm at rest, following sustained handgrip exercise
Arm cycling exercise
Subjects will perform a cycling arm exercise with a stationary cycling device. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline and following this exercise.
Cold Pressor test
Subjects will place hand in cold water with ice for 3 minutes. Investigators will measure cardiac output (non-invasive impedance plethysmography), blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at baseline, during and 2 minutes after the test.
Other Intervention Names
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* 1\) stage I (140-159/90-99 mmHg) subjects with essential hypertension.
* 2\) stage I hypertensive subjects with primary aldosteronism
* 3\) normotensive controls.
Exclusion Criteria
* 2\) Blood pressure averaging ≥160/100 mmHg
* 3\) Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \< 90 mL/min/1.73m2
* 4\) Diabetes mellitus or other systemic illness
* 5\) Pregnancy
* 6\) Hypersensitivity to nitroprusside, phenylephrine, amlodipine or eplerenone
* 7\) Any history of substance abuse or current cigarette use
* 8\) Any history of psychiatric illness
* 9\) History of malignancy
18 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Wanpen Vongpatanasin
Professor
Principal Investigators
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Wanpen Vongpatanasin, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
UT Southwestern Medical Center
Locations
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UT Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas, United States
Countries
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References
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Fagard R, Staessen J, Amery A. Maximal aerobic power in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1988 Nov;6(11):859-65. doi: 10.1097/00004872-198811000-00003.
Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Hermann KL, Bella JN, Andersen UB, Dige-Petersen H, Rokkedal J, Ibsen H. Maximal exercise capacity is related to cardiovascular structure in patients with longstanding hypertension. A LIFE substudy. Losartan Intervention For Endpoint-Reduction in Hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2001 Dec;14(12):1205-10. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(01)02223-3.
Filipovsky J, Ducimetiere P, Safar ME. Prognostic significance of exercise blood pressure and heart rate in middle-aged men. Hypertension. 1992 Sep;20(3):333-9. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.20.3.333.
Cleroux J, Beaulieu M, Kouame N, Lacourciere Y. Comparative effects of quinapril, atenolol, and verapamil on blood pressure and forearm hemodynamics during handgrip exercise. Am J Hypertens. 1994 Jun;7(6):566-70. doi: 10.1093/ajh/7.6.566.
Vongpatanasin W, Wang Z, Arbique D, Arbique G, Adams-Huet B, Mitchell JH, Victor RG, Thomas GD. Functional sympatholysis is impaired in hypertensive humans. J Physiol. 2011 Mar 1;589(Pt 5):1209-20. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.203026. Epub 2011 Jan 4.
Grassi G, Spaziani D, Seravalle G, Bertinieri G, Dell'Oro R, Cuspidi C, Mancia G. Effects of amlodipine on sympathetic nerve traffic and baroreflex control of circulation in heart failure. Hypertension. 1999 Feb;33(2):671-5. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.33.2.671.
Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M, Young WF Jr, Montori VM; Endocrine Society. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3266-81. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-0104. Epub 2008 Jun 13.
Provided Documents
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Document Type: Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan
Document Type: Informed Consent Form
Other Identifiers
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