Interventions for Children With Attention and Reading Disorders

Study Results

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Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

PHASE4

Total Enrollment

222 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2010-11-30

Study Completion Date

2015-06-30

Brief Summary

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The objective of this randomized clinical trial is to address unanswered questions about the relative effectiveness of treatments for children with both Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and significant reading difficulties (RD). The study evaluates attentional and word reading outcomes for students with both conditions when provided with either (a) ADHD treatment alone, (b) RD treatment alone, or (c) the combination of ADHD and RD treatment.

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Detailed Description

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The objective of this randomized clinical trial is to address unanswered questions about the relative effectiveness of treatments for children with both Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and significant reading difficulties (RD). The study evaluates attentional and word reading outcomes for students with both conditions when provided with either (a) disorder-specific ADHD treatment (carefully managed medication + parent training), (b) disorder-specific RD treatment (intensive, individualized reading instruction), or (c) the combination of ADHD and RD treatment. The study aims to address the relative benefits of providing either disorder-specific ADHD or RD treatment alone and providing the combined treatment. The investigators hypothesize that the combined treatment approach will result in better outcomes in terms of both word reading/decoding and a reduction in ADHD symptoms than either of the disorder-specific treatments alone. Treatment will last for 16 weeks, with assessment prior to and following treatment and some measures collected regularly throughout the intervention periods.

Conditions

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Reading Disabilities

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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Intensive Reading Instruction

Specialized phonologically-based reading instruction provided by well-trained tutors either individually (one-on-one) or to groups of two students for 45 minutes, four days per week, for 16 weeks. The instructional approach includes an individualized combination of published programs targeting word reading and decoding; reading fluency; and reading comprehension.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Intensive reading instruction

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Individualized phonologically-based instruction delivered 4 days per week for 45 min. per day by a highly trained tutor.

ADHD Intervention

Carefully-managed medication and behavioral parent training. Medication treatment begins with a four-week titration period, beginning with a trial of methylphenidate. If benefit is insufficient or side effects are intolerable, the physician may initiate a trial of mixed salt amphetamine, followed by either Atomoxetine or Guanfacine. When the optimum medication and dosage is determined the child returns for monthly medication maintenance visits until the end of the 16-week intervention period. Parent training consists of nine group sessions provided by a psychologist addressing ADHD and its treatment, principals of behavior modification, and evidence-supported practices for managing behavior.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Methylphenidate

Intervention Type DRUG

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks

Parent Training

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Nine sessions on parenting a child with ADHD

Mixed Salt Amphetamine

Intervention Type DRUG

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks; prescribed only if child does not show a beneficial treatment response to Concerta

Atomoxetine

Intervention Type DRUG

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks

Guanfacine

Intervention Type DRUG

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks

Combined ADHD and Reading Instruction

All interventions described in Reading Instruction and ADHD treatment arms:

Phonologically-based reading instruction provided for 45 minutes, four days per week, for 16 weeks. Carefully-managed medication and behavioral parent training. Medication treatment begins with a trial of methylphenidate. If benefit is insufficient or side effects are intolerable, the physician may initiate a trial of mixed salt amphetamine, followed by either Atomoxetine or Guanfacine. When the optimum medication and dosage is determined the child returns for monthly medication maintenance visits until the end of the 16-week intervention period. Parent training consists of nine group sessions on parenting a child with ADHD.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Methylphenidate

Intervention Type DRUG

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks

Intensive reading instruction

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Individualized phonologically-based instruction delivered 4 days per week for 45 min. per day by a highly trained tutor.

Parent Training

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Nine sessions on parenting a child with ADHD

Mixed Salt Amphetamine

Intervention Type DRUG

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks; prescribed only if child does not show a beneficial treatment response to Concerta

Atomoxetine

Intervention Type DRUG

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks

Guanfacine

Intervention Type DRUG

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks

Interventions

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Methylphenidate

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks

Intervention Type DRUG

Intensive reading instruction

Individualized phonologically-based instruction delivered 4 days per week for 45 min. per day by a highly trained tutor.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Parent Training

Nine sessions on parenting a child with ADHD

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Mixed Salt Amphetamine

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks; prescribed only if child does not show a beneficial treatment response to Concerta

Intervention Type DRUG

Atomoxetine

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks

Intervention Type DRUG

Guanfacine

Appropriate dosage to be individually determined; daily for 16 weeks

Intervention Type DRUG

Other Intervention Names

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Concerta Extended Release Ritalin Adderall Extended Release (XR) Strattera Intuniv

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

1. Meet criteria for ADHD, Combined Type or ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, 4.0 (DISC) parent interview, Teacher baseline Swanson Nolan and Pelham Rating Scale (SNAP) endorses additional non-overlapping Inattentive symptoms with the parent DISC, which when combined with the parent ratings result in endorsement of 6 or more symptoms required for diagnosis by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
2. Have at least 4 symptoms of inattention rated "Often" or "Very Often" on the teacher version of the SNAP-IV.
3. Have a standard score of 90 or lower on either the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement Letter-Word Identification or Word Attack Subtests, or on the Basic Reading Skills Cluster
4. Attend a participating school in Grades 2-5
5. Have at least one parent or guardian who understands English well enough to participate in the behavioral parent training intervention.
6. Have a Full Scale OR Non-Verbal Intelligence Quotient (IQ) estimate higher than 70 based on the IQ Composite and Non-Verbal IQ estimate of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT-2).

Exclusion Criteria

1. Any documented or suspected bipolar disorder, severe psychosis, or other severe emotional disturbance, developmental disability, or autism.
2. Receipt of primary school reading instruction in a language other than English.
3. A history or presence of cardiovascular problems that would contraindicate stimulant treatment.
4. Chronic vocal tics.
5. Children will be excluded if they are taking a concomitant medication that has the potential to significantly affect their ADHD symptoms, that would be contraindicated to take along with the study medication, or if they have not been on a stable dose of a psychotropic medication long enough to fully assess the clinical outcome or tolerability.

Minimum Eligible Age

7 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

12 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No