Non-malarial Febrile Illness in Children in Areas of Perennial Malaria Transmission

NCT ID: NCT01043744

Last Updated: 2013-03-11

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 1000 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2010-01-31
• Study Completion Date: 2011-12-31

Brief Summary

To evaluate the causes of non-malarial febrile illness in children living in an area of perennial malaria transmission and to determine if these children who test negative for malaria by rapid diagnostic test receive any benefit from antimalarial therapy.

Detailed Description

Until recently, national and global malaria control authorities recommended clinical diagnosis-based solely on the presence or history of fever-for most malaria treatment settings in sub-Saharan Africa where malaria transmission is sustained and intense. To some extent this recommendation was based on the fact that conventional antimalarial treatments like chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) were relatively affordable and safe and that microscopic diagnosis was complex and difficult to maintain in remote rural settings. It was economically advantageous and logistically more feasible to treat all potential cases as malaria than to extend microscopic diagnosis to every level of the health system. This approach has resulted in extensive over-treatment, particularly among older children and adults, and may have contributed to the rapid development of antimalarial drug resistance.

Although much has been written recently on the cost-effectiveness of expanding malaria diagnosis, available information is scarce on a number of other important reasons why clinical diagnosis has been recommended for so long, especially among children living in high transmission settings. First, uncomplicated malaria can progress to severe or fatal illness within 24 to 48 hours of onset. Numerous care-seeking studies have demonstrated that caretakers seldom arrive at formal health facilities within 24 or 48 hours after the onset of uncomplicated febrile illness. If a diagnostic test imposes additional barriers-such as cost, time delay, or referral-requiring a positive parasitological diagnosis could put children whose cause of fever is malaria infection at greater risk of progressing to severe or fatal illness. Second, although the current approach based on clinical diagnosis appears to result in substantial over-treatment, it is still possible to demonstrate that children living in malaria transmission areas benefit from additional scheduled doses of antimalarial treatment, even when they are not ill. For example, a meta-analysis of six trials of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) given to children at routine immunization visits demonstrated an average decrease of 30% in episodes of clinical malaria, 15% in anemia, and 24% in all-cause hospital admissions among children receiving SP compared to children who did not receive the drug at these visits. Finally, providers and clients may be inclined to disregard a negative blood slide or RDT, especially in situations where they have not identified an additional treatable cause of illness. Withholding antimalarial treatments from such children might adversely affect provider and client satisfaction and poor client satisfaction may reduce subsequent health facility utilization. It might also encourage disappointed clients to seek treatment in the private sector where a broad range of antimalarial drugs-most of them single drug treatments that contribute to the development of resistance and which are not recommended in the national treatment policy-can be obtained without diagnostic confirmation.

We propose a longitudinal cohort study to evaluate the identifiable causes of treatable fever among 1000 malaria-negative children presenting to outpatient health clinics in Miono, Bagamoyo District, Tanzania using a variety of clinical, microbiological and serologic methods. In addition we intend to follow these 1000 malaria-negative children for up to 91 days or until their next malaria infection to assess their clinical progress and need for further malaria treatment. To compare the relative benefit of providing antimalarial treatment even to malaria-negative children, half of the participants will be randomized to receive first-line treatment for malaria as currently recommended; the other half will receive treatment only for other identified illnesses.

Alternative Hypothesis: Febrile, parasite-negative children treated for malaria have better clinical and longitudinal outcomes (as measured by prevalence of anemia at the end of the follow up period, reticulocyte count repeat visits to the health facility, hospitalization, and time to next infection with malaria parasites) than febrile, parasite-negative children not treated for malaria in areas of high transmission.

Conditions

Malaria; Non-malarial Febrile Illness

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

Artemether-Lumefantrine

Receive artemether-lumefantrine with direct observation of am dose on days 0, 1, and 2 of study

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Artemether-Lumefantrine

Intervention Type: DRUG

Artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem; Novartis) administered twice daily for three days as tablets containing 20 mg of artemether plus 120 mg of lumefantrine at a dosage of:

• 1 tablet (for patients weighing 5-14 kg)
• 2 tablets (for patients weighing 15-24 kg)

No treatment

No antimalarial treatment given on day 0.

Group Type: NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

Artemether-Lumefantrine

Artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem; Novartis) administered twice daily for three days as tablets containing 20 mg of artemether plus 120 mg of lumefantrine at a dosage of:

• 1 tablet (for patients weighing 5-14 kg)
• 2 tablets (for patients weighing 15-24 kg)

Intervention Type: DRUG

Other Intervention Names

CoArtem, Novartis

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Age 6 to 59 months.
• Present to health facility with fever (oral or rectal temperature ≥38°C or axillary temperature ≥37.5°C) or history of fever in the past 48 hours.
• Have negative rapid diagnostic test for malaria.
• Live within the boundaries of the officially recognized catchment area of Miono Health Center (within approximately 10 km of the health facility).

Exclusion Criteria

• Plan to travel or leave the area within the next 3 months.
• Have been treated for malaria in the 2 weeks prior to enrollment.
• Have clinical evidence or history of danger signs: convulsions, lethargy, loss of consciousness, unable to eat or drink, vomiting everything.
• Have severe, life-threatening anemia: hemoglobin ≤5g/ dL.
• Have very low weight for age, severe pneumonia, or very severe disease as defined in the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness algorithms.
• Have a history of sensitivity to artemisinin derivatives or Artemether-Lumefantrine.
• Have previously been enrolled in this study or another ongoing cohort study of malaria treatment options at these health facilities
• Chronic disease requiring ongoing medical care (i.e HIV on cotrimoxazole).

• Minimum Eligible Age: 6 Months
• Maximum Eligible Age: 59 Months
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

FED

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Meredith McMorrow

Medical Officer

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Meredith L McMorrow, MD, MPH

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

S. Patrick Kachur, MD, MPH

Role: STUDY_CHAIR

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Larry Slutsker, MD

Role: STUDY_CHAIR

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Saumu Ahmed, MD

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Ifakara Health Institute

Salim MK Abdulla, MD, PhD

Role: STUDY_CHAIR

Ifakara Health Institute

Locations

Miono Health Center

Miono, Bagamoyo District, Tanzania

Msata Dispensary

Msata, , Tanzania

Countries

Tanzania

Other Identifiers

CDC-CCID-5597

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id