Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability

NCT ID: NCT01041989

Last Updated: 2023-04-19

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 1200 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2009-09-30
• Study Completion Date: 2025-12-31

Brief Summary

This multi-center (6 sites: Helsinki, Kuopio, Oulu, Seinäjoki, Turku, Vantaa) intervention study aims to prevent cognitive impairment, dementia and disability in 60-77 year old persons at an increased dementia risk. The 2-year multi-domain life-style intervention includes nutritional guidance, exercise, cognitive training, increased social activity, and intensive monitoring and management of metabolic and vascular risk factors. The primary outcome is cognitive impairment measured by a sensitive Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB), and Stroop and Trail Making tests to capture early cognitive impairment typical for both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. We hypothesize that the multi-domain intervention will reduce cognitive impairment in the study group compared to the control group during the initial 2-year intervention period and reduce dementia incidence after the extended follow-up (until at least 300 participants have developed dementia).

Conditions

Cognitive Impairment; Dementia

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: PREVENTION
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

Standard health counseling at baseline

Group Type: NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Lifestyle counseling

Multi-domain lifestyle counseling including nutritional guidance, increased physical activity, cognitive training, increased social activity and intensive monitoring of vascular and metabolic risk factors.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Nutritional guidance

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Individual counseling sessions and group meetings will be organized.

Exercise

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Guided muscle strength training and aerobic exercise.

Cognitive training

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Cognitive training will be implemented through 8 group sessions lead by a psychologist and a computer-based cognitive training program available to participants via the internet.

Reduction of vascular risk factors

Intervention Type: OTHER

Monitoring and maintenance of metabolic and vascular risk factors

Interventions

Nutritional guidance

Individual counseling sessions and group meetings will be organized.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Exercise

Guided muscle strength training and aerobic exercise.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Cognitive training

Cognitive training will be implemented through 8 group sessions lead by a psychologist and a computer-based cognitive training program available to participants via the internet.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Reduction of vascular risk factors

Monitoring and maintenance of metabolic and vascular risk factors

Intervention Type: OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• aged 60-77 years
• dementia Risk Score 6 points or more
• fulfillment of at least one of the following CERAD criteria: i) MMSE: 20-26 points ii) word list memory task (3x10 words): 19 words or less iii) delayed recall: 75% or less

Exclusion Criteria

• malignant diseases
• dementia
• substantial cognitive decline
• major depression
• symptomatic cardiovascular disease
• revascularisation within 1 year
• severe loss of vision, hearing or communicative ability
• other conditions inhibiting from safe engagement in the prescribed intervention as judged by the study physician
• other conditions preventing from cooperation as judged by the study physician

• Minimum Eligible Age: 60 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 77 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Academy of Finland

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Helsinki

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Eastern Finland

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Oulu

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Western University, Canada

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Karolinska Institutet

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Umeå University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

OTHER_GOV

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Miia Kivipelto

Professor

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Miia Kivipelto, professor

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

Tiina K Laatikainen, professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

Hilkka S Soininen, professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

University of Eastern Finland

Jaakko Tuomilehto, professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

University of Helsinki

Timo E Strandberg, professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

University of Oulu

Raimo Sulkava, professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

University of Eastern Finland

Rainer Rauramaa, professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine

Antti Jula, research prof

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

Markku Peltonen, research professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

Satu Havulinna, PhD

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

Jaana Lindström, Adjunct prof.

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

Riitta Antikainen, professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Oulu City Health Services

Tiia Ngandu, MD, PhD, Adjunct professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

Tuomo Hänninen, Adjunct prof

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

University of Eastern Finland

Jenni Lehtisalo, PhD

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

Alina Solomon, MD, PhD, Adjunct professor

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

University of Eastern Finland

Locations

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

Helsinki, , Finland

University of Eastern Finland

Kuopio, , Finland

University of Oulu

Oulu, , Finland

Research Center Mediwest

Seinäjoki, , Finland

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare

Turku, , Finland

Countries

Finland

References

Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Laatikainen T, Winblad B, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J. Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Sep;5(9):735-41. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70537-3.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 16914401 (View on PubMed)

Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study. BMJ. 2001 Jun 16;322(7300):1447-51. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7300.1447.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11408299 (View on PubMed)

Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Hanninen T, Laakso MP, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A. Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment: A population-based study. Neurology. 2001 Jun 26;56(12):1683-9. doi: 10.1212/wnl.56.12.1683.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11425934 (View on PubMed)

Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, Iivonen S, Mannermaa A, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A, Soininen H. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Aug 6;137(3):149-55. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-3-200208060-00006.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 12160362 (View on PubMed)

Rovio S, Kareholt I, Helkala EL, Viitanen M, Winblad B, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Nissinen A, Kivipelto M. Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Nov;4(11):705-11. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70198-8.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 16239176 (View on PubMed)

Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Fratiglioni L, Viitanen M, Kareholt I, Winblad B, Helkala EL, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Nissinen A. Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2005 Oct;62(10):1556-60. doi: 10.1001/archneur.62.10.1556.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 16216938 (View on PubMed)

Lindstrom J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemio K, Hamalainen H, Harkonen P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, Paturi M, Sundvall J, Valle TT, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J; Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet. 2006 Nov 11;368(9548):1673-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69701-8.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 17098085 (View on PubMed)

Kivipelto M, Rovio S, Ngandu T, Kareholt I, Eskelinen M, Winblad B, Hachinski V, Cedazo-Minguez A, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 magnifies lifestyle risks for dementia: a population-based study. J Cell Mol Med. 2008 Dec;12(6B):2762-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00296.x. Epub 2008 Feb 8.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18318693 (View on PubMed)

Kivipelto M, Solomon A, Ahtiluoto S, Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Antikainen R, Backman L, Hanninen T, Jula A, Laatikainen T, Lindstrom J, Mangialasche F, Nissinen A, Paajanen T, Pajala S, Peltonen M, Rauramaa R, Stigsdotter-Neely A, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H. The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER): study design and progress. Alzheimers Dement. 2013 Nov;9(6):657-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.012. Epub 2013 Jan 17.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 23332672 (View on PubMed)

Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Levalahti E, Laatikainen T, Lindstrom J, Peltonen M, Solomon A, Ahtiluoto S, Antikainen R, Hanninen T, Jula A, Mangialasche F, Paajanen T, Pajala S, Rauramaa R, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Recruitment and baseline characteristics of participants in the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER)-a randomized controlled lifestyle trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Sep 10;11(9):9345-60. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110909345.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 25211775 (View on PubMed)

Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Solomon A, Levalahti E, Ahtiluoto S, Antikainen R, Backman L, Hanninen T, Jula A, Laatikainen T, Lindstrom J, Mangialasche F, Paajanen T, Pajala S, Peltonen M, Rauramaa R, Stigsdotter-Neely A, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Jun 6;385(9984):2255-63. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60461-5. Epub 2015 Mar 12.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 25771249 (View on PubMed)

Kulmala J, Ngandu T, Pajala S, Lehtisalo J, Levalahti E, Antikainen R, Laatikainen T, Oksa H, Peltonen M, Rauramaa R, Soininen H, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Kivipelto M. Leisure-Time and Occupational Physical Activity in Early and Late Adulthood in Relation to Later Life Physical Functioning. J Phys Act Health. 2016 Oct;13(10):1079-1087. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2015-0664. Epub 2016 Aug 16.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 27254853 (View on PubMed)

Strandberg TE, Levälahti E, Ngandu T, Solomon A, M Kivipelto for FINGER Study Group. Health-Related Quality of Life in a Multidomain Intervention Trial to Prevent Cognitive Decline (FINGER). Eur Ger Med. 2017; 8: 164-167.

Reference Type: RESULT

Lehtisalo J, Ngandu T, Valve P, Antikainen R, Laatikainen T, Strandberg T, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Kivipelto M, Lindstrom J. Nutrient intake and dietary changes during a 2-year multi-domain lifestyle intervention among older adults: secondary analysis of the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2017 Aug;118(4):291-302. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517001982.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 28875868 (View on PubMed)

Marengoni A, Rizzuto D, Fratiglioni L, Antikainen R, Laatikainen T, Lehtisalo J, Peltonen M, Soininen H, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T. The Effect of a 2-Year Intervention Consisting of Diet, Physical Exercise, Cognitive Training, and Monitoring of Vascular Risk on Chronic Morbidity-the FINGER Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 Apr;19(4):355-360.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.09.020. Epub 2017 Nov 3.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 29108888 (View on PubMed)

Solomon A, Handels R, Wimo A, Antikainen R, Laatikainen T, Levalahti E, Peltonen M, Soininen H, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T. Effect of a Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention on Estimated Dementia Risk. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;82(4):1461-1466. doi: 10.3233/JAD-210331.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 34151805 (View on PubMed)

Lehtisalo J, Rusanen M, Solomon A, Antikainen R, Laatikainen T, Peltonen M, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T. Effect of a multi-domain lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular risk in older people: the FINGER trial. Eur Heart J. 2022 Jun 1;43(21):2054-2061. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab922.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 35051281 (View on PubMed)

Wimo A, Handels R, Antikainen R, Eriksdotter M, Jonsson L, Knapp M, Kulmala J, Laatikainen T, Lehtisalo J, Peltonen M, Skoldunger A, Soininen H, Solomon A, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Ngandu T, Kivipelto M. Dementia prevention: The potential long-term cost-effectiveness of the FINGER prevention program. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Mar;19(3):999-1008. doi: 10.1002/alz.12698. Epub 2022 Jul 16.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 35841619 (View on PubMed)

Lorenzon G, Marseglia A, Mohanty R, Lehtisalo J, Poulakis K, Ngandu T, Solomon A, Kivipelto M, Westman E. Brain patterns and risk factors in the FINGER RCT multimodal lifestyle intervention. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2025 Sep 24:100390. doi: 10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100390. Online ahead of print.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 40998691 (View on PubMed)

Lorenzo T, Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Antikainen R, Gispert JD, Kemppainen N, Laatikainen T, Lindstrom J, Rinne J, Soininen H, Strandberg T, Torre R, Tuomilehto J, Solomon A, Kivipelto M. Associations of Prediabetes, Diabetes and Glucose-Related Markers With Cognition and Neuroimaging in a 2-Year Multidomain Lifestyle Randomised Controlled Trial. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2025 Jul;41(5):e70053. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.70053.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 40478656 (View on PubMed)

Lehtisalo J, Saaskilahti M, Harkanen T, Kulmala J, Hemio K, Siltanen S, Zhi Z, Mangialasche F, Laatikainen T, Strandberg T, Antikainen R, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T. Changes in older persons' lifestyle and perceived health over time and during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the extended follow-up of the FINGER randomized controlled trial from 2009 to 2020. BMC Geriatr. 2025 May 3;25(1):308. doi: 10.1186/s12877-025-05979-6.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 40319270 (View on PubMed)

Kekkonen E, Hall A, Antikainen R, Havulinna S, Kivipelto M, Kulmala J, Laatikainen T, Paajanen TI, Sindi S, Soininen H, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Ngandu T, Solomon A. Impaired sleep, depressive symptoms, and pain as determinants of physical activity and exercise intervention adherence: an exploratory analysis of a randomized clinical trial. BMC Geriatr. 2025 Mar 29;25(1):211. doi: 10.1186/s12877-025-05830-y.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 40158087 (View on PubMed)

Vaskivuo L, Hokkanen L, Levalahti E, Hanninen T, Antikainen R, Backman L, Laatikainen T, Paajanen T, Stigsdotter Neely A, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T. Subjective Memory Complaints and the Effect of a Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention on Cognition: The FINGER Trial. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2024 Dec 11;80(1):gbae179. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbae179.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 39450437 (View on PubMed)

Goikolea J, Gerenu G, Daniilidou M, Mangialasche F, Mecocci P, Ngandu T, Rinne J, Solomon A, Kivipelto M, Cedazo-Minguez A, Sandebring-Matton A, Maioli S. Serum Thioredoxin-80 is associated with age, ApoE4, and neuropathological biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: a potential early sign of AD. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2022 Feb 24;14(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s13195-022-00979-9.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 35209952 (View on PubMed)

Alenius M, Ngandu T, Koskinen S, Hallikainen I, Hanninen T, Karrasch M, Kivipelto M, Raivio MM, Laakkonen ML, Kruger J, Suhonen NM, Hokkanen L. Education-Based Cutoffs for Cognitive Screening of Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2022;51(1):42-55. doi: 10.1159/000521982. Epub 2022 Feb 23.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 35196653 (View on PubMed)

Neuvonen E, Lehtisalo J, Solomon A, Antikainen R, Havulinna S, Hanninen T, Laatikainen T, Lindstrom J, Rautio N, Soininen H, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T. Psychosocial determinants for adherence to a healthy lifestyle and intervention participation in the FINGER trial: an exploratory analysis of a randomised clinical trial. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2022 Aug;34(8):1793-1805. doi: 10.1007/s40520-022-02088-x. Epub 2022 Feb 19.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 35182352 (View on PubMed)

Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Korkki S, Solomon A, Coley N, Antikainen R, Backman L, Hanninen T, Lindstrom J, Laatikainen T, Paajanen T, Havulinna S, Peltonen M, Neely AS, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. The effect of adherence on cognition in a multidomain lifestyle intervention (FINGER). Alzheimers Dement. 2022 Jul;18(7):1325-1334. doi: 10.1002/alz.12492. Epub 2021 Oct 20.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 34668644 (View on PubMed)

Sandebring-Matton A, Goikolea J, Bjorkhem I, Paternain L, Kemppainen N, Laatikainen T, Ngandu T, Rinne J, Soininen H, Cedazo-Minguez A, Solomon A, Kivipelto M. 27-Hydroxycholesterol, cognition, and brain imaging markers in the FINGER randomized controlled trial. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021 Mar 6;13(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s13195-021-00790-y.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 33676572 (View on PubMed)

Sindi S, Solomon A, Kareholt I, Hovatta I, Antikainen R, Hanninen T, Levalahti E, Laatikainen T, Lehtisalo J, Lindstrom J, Paajanen T, Peltonen M, Singh Khalsa D, Wolozin B, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Ngandu T, Kivipelto M; FINGER Study Group. Telomere Length Change in a Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention to Prevent Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021 Feb 25;76(3):491-498. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa279.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 33175128 (View on PubMed)

Stephen R, Liu Y, Ngandu T, Antikainen R, Hulkkonen J, Koikkalainen J, Kemppainen N, Lotjonen J, Levalahti E, Parkkola R, Pippola P, Rinne J, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Vanninen R, Kivipelto M, Soininen H, Solomon A; FINGER study group. Brain volumes and cortical thickness on MRI in the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER). Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019 Jun 4;11(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s13195-019-0506-z.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 31164160 (View on PubMed)

Kulmala J, Ngandu T, Havulinna S, Levalahti E, Lehtisalo J, Solomon A, Antikainen R, Laatikainen T, Pippola P, Peltonen M, Rauramaa R, Soininen H, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Kivipelto M. The Effect of Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention on Daily Functioning in Older People. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Jun;67(6):1138-1144. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15837. Epub 2019 Feb 26.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 30809801 (View on PubMed)

Lehtisalo J, Levalahti E, Lindstrom J, Hanninen T, Paajanen T, Peltonen M, Antikainen R, Laatikainen T, Strandberg T, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T. Dietary changes and cognition over 2 years within a multidomain intervention trial-The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER). Alzheimers Dement. 2019 Mar;15(3):410-417. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.10.001. Epub 2018 Dec 4.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 30527596 (View on PubMed)

Solomon A, Turunen H, Ngandu T, Peltonen M, Levalahti E, Helisalmi S, Antikainen R, Backman L, Hanninen T, Jula A, Laatikainen T, Lehtisalo J, Lindstrom J, Paajanen T, Pajala S, Stigsdotter-Neely A, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Effect of the Apolipoprotein E Genotype on Cognitive Change During a Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention: A Subgroup Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018 Apr 1;75(4):462-470. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4365.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 29356827 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

THL/TUET 122/2009

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id