Combination Chemotherapy Plus Steroid Therapy in Treating Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia or Lymphoblastic Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

NCT ID: NCT00003728

Last Updated: 2011-01-21

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: UNKNOWN
• Clinical Phase: PHASE3
• Total Enrollment: 1500 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 1998-12-31

Brief Summary

RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. It is not yet known which regimen of combination chemotherapy plus steroid therapy is more effective for acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of different regimens of combination chemotherapy plus steroid therapy in treating children who have acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Detailed Description

OBJECTIVES:

• Compare the value of dexamethasone (DM) vs prednisolone (PRDL) administered during induction therapy, in terms of event-free and overall survival, in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (LNHL).
• Assess the value of increasing the number of administrations of asparaginase during consolidation and late intensification therapy, in terms of disease-free and overall survival, in children without very high-risk (VHR) features.
• Compare the response rate in children treated with prephase therapy comprising DM vs PRDL and intrathecal methotrexate.
• Compare the incidence and grade of toxic effects of these treatment regimens in these children.
• Compare the long-term effects of these treatment regimens on growth and pubertal development, neurocognitive, cardiac, and endocrine function, and incidence of aseptic bone necrosis in these children.
• Evaluate the proportion of children with VHR disease when defined according to extended VHR criteria, and assess the prognostic importance of the new VHR features (cytogenetics and minimal-residual disease).
• Compare the feasibility of the VHR chemotherapy protocol in patients treated with DM vs PRDL.

OUTLINE: This is a randomized, multicenter study. Patients are stratified for prephase therapy according to center, disease (acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL] vs non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [NHL]), WBC for ALL patients (less than 10,000/mm^3 vs 10,000/mm^3 to less than 100,000/mm^3 vs greater than 100,000/mm^3), stage for NHL patients (I or II vs III or IV), and whether prephase already started (yes vs no). Patients are stratified for protocol II therapy according to center, risk group (very low risk [VLR] vs average risk 1 [AR1] vs average risk 2 [AR2]), and treatment arm at first randomization.

• Prephase: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms

• Arm I: Patients receive oral prednisolone (PRDL) twice daily or methylprednisolone IV over 1 hour every 12 hours on days 1-7.
• Arm II: Patients receive dexamethasone (DM) orally twice daily or IV over 1 hour every 12 hours on days 1-7.

Patients in both arms also receive methotrexate (MTX) intrathecally (IT) on day 1.

• Protocol IA (days 8-35):

• VLR patients: Patients receive either oral PRDL or oral DM (depending on earlier randomization) on days 8-28; vincristine (VCR) IV on days 8, 15, 22, and 29; daunorubicin (DNR) IV over 1-4 hours on days 8 and 15; MTX IT on days 12 and 25; and asparaginase (ASP) IV over 1 hour or intramuscularly (IM) on days 12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 29, 32, and 35.
• AR1 patients: Patients receive PRDL or DM, VCR, and ASP in the same manner as VLR patients. Patients also receive DNR IV over 1-4 hours on days 8, 15, 22, and 29 and triple intrathecal therapy (TIT) comprising MTX, cytarabine (ARA-C), and hydrocortisone on days 12 and 25.
• AR2 and very high-risk (VHR) patients:Patients receive PRDL or DM, VCR, and ASP in the same manner as VLR patients and high-dose MTX (HD-MTX) IV over 24 hours on day 8; cyclophosphamide (CTX) IV over 1 hour on day 9; DNR IV over 1-4 hours on days 15, 22, and 29; and TIT on days 12 and 25.

Patients with VLR, AR1, or AR2 disease after protocol IA proceed to protocol IB, interval therapy, and then protocol II. Patients with VHR disease after protocol IA proceed to the VHR patient protocol.

• Protocol IB (for VLR, AR1, or AR2 patients): Patients with precursor B-cell ALL must be in complete remission (CR) and patients with NHL must be in CR or good partial remission.

• VLR patients: Patients receive oral mercaptopurine (MP) on days 36-63; ARA-C IV on days 38-41, 45-48, 52-55, and 59-62; and MTX IT on days 38 and 52.
• AR1 and AR2 patients: Patients receive oral MP and ARA-C in the same manner as VLR patients; CTX IV over 1 hour on days 36 and 63; and TIT on days 38 and 52.
• VLR, AR1, and AR2 patients are also randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms.

• Arm I: Patients receive ASP IV or IM on days 38, 41, 45, 48, 52, 55, 59, and 62.
• Arm II: Patients receive no ASP.
• Interval therapy for VLR, AR1, or AR2 patients (begins 14 days after completion of protocol I): Patients receive oral MP daily on days 1-56; HD-MTX IV over 24 hours on days 8, 22, 36, and 50; leucovorin calcium (CF) (or levofolinic acid) orally or IV beginning 36 hours after initiation of MTX infusion and repeating every 6 hours until hour 72 or until serum MTX level is adequate; and TIT on days 9, 23, 37, and 51.
• Protocol II (reinduction therapy IIA and reconsolidation therapy IIB):

• VLR patients: Patients receive oral DM twice daily on days 1-21; VCR IV on days 8, 15, 22, and 29; doxorubicin (DOX) IV over 1-4 hours on days 8 and 15; ARA-C IV on days 38-41 and 45-48; oral thioguanine (TG) once daily on days 36-49; and MTX IT on day 38.
• AR patients: Patients receive DM, VCR, ARA-C, and TG in the same manner as VLR patients; DOX IV over 1-4 hours on days 8, 15, 22, and 29; CTX IV over 30-60 minutes on day 36; and TIT on day 38.
• VLR and AR patients are also randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms.

• Arm I: Patients receive short-term ASP IV over 1 hour or IM on days 8, 11, 15, and 18.
• Arm II: Patients receive long-term ASP IV over 1 hour or IM on days 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25, 29, and 32.
• Maintenance therapy for VLR and AR patients (begins 14 days after completion of protocol II):

• VLR patients: Patients receive oral MP once daily and oral MTX once weekly for a total of 74 weeks.
• AR1 patients: Patients receive oral MP once daily on days 1-70; oral MTX on days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36, 43, 50, 57, and 64; and TIT on day 22. Treatment repeats every 10 weeks for 6 courses.
• AR2 patients: Patients receive MP and oral MTX (as for AR1 patients); HD-MTX IV over 24 hours on day 22; CF as in interval therapy on days 23 and 24; and TIT and ASP on day 23.

After course 6, AR1 and AR2 patients receive further maintenance therapy comprising oral MP once daily and oral MTX once a week.

• VHR patient protocol (recommended treatment): Patients with VHR disease after protocol IA receive reinforced consolidation (protocol IB') and VANDA regimens.

• Protocol IB': Patients receive oral DM twice daily on days 36-40 and 50-54; oral MP daily on days 36-40; VCR IV on days 36 and 41; HD-MTX IV over 24 hours on days 36 and 50; TIT on days 37 and 51; ARA-C IV over 3 hours every 12 hours on day 40; ASP IV over 1 hour or IM on days 41, 43, 45, 55, 57, and 59; oral TG once daily on days 50-54; vindesine (DAVA) IV on day 50; DNR IV over 1-4 hours on day 54; and CTX IV over 1 hour on days 52 and 53. Patients who achieve CR after protocol IB' proceed to VANDA regimen.
• VANDA regimen: Patients receive oral DM twice daily on days 1-5; ARA-C IV over 3 hours every 12 hours on days 1 and 2; mitoxantrone IV over 1 hour on days 3 and 4; etoposide (VP-16) IV over 1 hour on days 3-5; TIT on day 5; and ASP IV or IM on days 7, 9, 11, and 13.

After protocol IB' and VANDA, VHR patients who are eligible for stem cell transplantation (SCT) and have an HLA-compatible familial donor undergo transplantation. Patients who are ineligible for SCT receive interval therapy, followed by 2 sequences of blocks R1, R2, and R3 (2 courses of each block for a total of 6 courses), and then maintenance therapy for a total treatment duration of 2 years.

• Interval therapy: Patients receive oral MP once daily on days 1-42; HD-MTX IV over 24 hours on days 8, 22, and 36; CF as in interval therapy (described above); and TIT on days 9, 23, and 37.
• Blocks R1, R2, and R3 (this sequential regimen is repeated once):

• R1: Patients receive oral DM twice daily and oral MP once daily on days 1-5; VCR IV on days 1 and 6; HD-MTX IV over 24 hours on day 1; CF as in interval therapy on days 1 and 2; TIT on day 2; ARA-C IV over 3 hours every 12 hours on day 5; and ASP IV over 1 hour or IM on day 6.
• R2: Patients receive DM, HD-MTX, CF, TIT, and ASP as in block R1 and oral TG once daily on days 1-5; DAVA IV on day 1; CTX IV over 1 hour on days 3 and 4; and DNR IV over 1-4 hours on day 5.
• R3: Patients receive DM and ASP as in block R1 and ARA-C IV over 3 hours every 12 hours on days 1 and 2; VP-16 IV over 1 hour on days 3-5; and TIT on day 5.
• Maintenance therapy: (begins 14 days after the second course of block R3 and ends 2 years after initiation of study therapy): Patients receive treatment as in maintenance therapy for AR1 patients. Treatment repeats every 10 weeks for 5 courses.

Patients are followed every 3 months for 5 years and then annually thereafter.

PROJECTED ACCRUAL: A total of 1,400-1,500 patients will be accrued for this study within 5.5 years.

Conditions

Leukemia; Lymphoma

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT

Interventions

asparaginase

Intervention Type: DRUG

cyclophosphamide

Intervention Type: DRUG

cytarabine

Intervention Type: DRUG

daunorubicin hydrochloride

Intervention Type: DRUG

dexamethasone

Intervention Type: DRUG

doxorubicin hydrochloride

Intervention Type: DRUG

etoposide

Intervention Type: DRUG

leucovorin calcium

Intervention Type: DRUG

mercaptopurine

Intervention Type: DRUG

methotrexate

Intervention Type: DRUG

methylprednisolone

Intervention Type: DRUG

mitoxantrone hydrochloride

Intervention Type: DRUG

prednisolone

Intervention Type: DRUG

therapeutic hydrocortisone

Intervention Type: DRUG

thioguanine

Intervention Type: DRUG

vincristine sulfate

Intervention Type: DRUG

vindesine

Intervention Type: DRUG

allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• T-cell immunophenotype
• Early B ALL (CD10 negative)
• WBC at least 100,000/mm^3
• Newborn Down syndrome patients with VHR features are assigned to AR1 group NOTE: A new classification scheme for adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been adopted by PDQ. The terminology of "indolent" or "aggressive" lymphoma will replace the former terminology of "low", "intermediate", or "high" grade lymphoma. However, this protocol uses the former terminology.

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

Age:

• Under 18

Performance status:

• Not specified

Life expectancy:

• Not specified

Hematopoietic:

• See Disease Characteristics

Hepatic:

• Not specified

Renal:

• Not specified

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

Biologic therapy:

• See Disease Characteristics

Chemotherapy:

• Not specified

Endocrine therapy:

• Not specified

Radiotherapy:

• Not specified

Surgery:

• Not specified

Other:

• No prior therapy

• Maximum Eligible Age: 17 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer - EORTC

NETWORK

Sponsor Role: lead

Principal Investigators

Jacques Otten, MD

Role:

Academisch Ziekenhuis der Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Locations

Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen Middelheim

Antwerp, , Belgium

Hopital Universitaire Des Enfants Reine Fabiola

Brussels, , Belgium

Academisch Ziekenhuis der Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Brussels, , Belgium

Ghent University

Ghent, , Belgium

Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent

Ghent, , Belgium

U.Z. Gasthuisberg

Leuven, , Belgium

Centre Hospitalier Regional de la Citadelle

Liège, , Belgium

Clinique de l'Esperance

Montegnée, , Belgium

Centre Hospitalier Regional et Universitaire d'Angers

Angers, , France

CHR de Besancon - Hopital Saint-Jacques

Besançon, , France

CHU de Caen

Caen, , France

CHU de Grenoble - Hopital de la Tronche

Grenoble, , France

Hopital Debrousse

Lyon, , France

Hopital Arnaud de Villeneuve

Montpellier, , France

CHR Hotel Dieu

Nantes, , France

Hopital de l'Archet CHU de Nice

Nice, , France

CHU - Hopital Robert Debre

Paris, , France

Hopital Jean Bernard

Poitiers, , France

Hopital Americain

Reims, , France

Hopital Universitaire Hautepierre

Strasbourg, , France

Hopital des Enfants

Toulouse, , France

Hospital Escolar San Joao

Porto, , Portugal

Instituto Portugues de Oncologia Centro do Porto, SA

Porto, , Portugal

Countries

Belgium; France; Portugal

References

Ducassou S, Ferlay C, Bergeron C, Girard S, Laureys G, Pacquement H, Plantaz D, Lutz P, Vannier JP, Uyttebroeck A, Bertrand Y. Clinical presentation, evolution, and prognosis of precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in trials LMT96, EORTC 58881, and EORTC 58951. Br J Haematol. 2011 Feb;152(4):441-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08541.x. Epub 2011 Jan 7.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21210776 (View on PubMed)

Clappier E, Collette S, Grardel N, Girard S, Suarez L, Brunie G, Kaltenbach S, Yakouben K, Mazingue F, Robert A, Boutard P, Plantaz D, Rohrlich P, van Vlierberghe P, Preudhomme C, Otten J, Speleman F, Dastugue N, Suciu S, Benoit Y, Bertrand Y, Cave H; EORTC-CLG. NOTCH1 and FBXW7 mutations have a favorable impact on early response to treatment, but not on outcome, in children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) treated on EORTC trials 58881 and 58951. Leukemia. 2010 Dec;24(12):2023-31. doi: 10.1038/leu.2010.205. Epub 2010 Sep 23.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 20861920 (View on PubMed)

Clappier E, Collette S, Grardel N, et al.: Prognostic significance of NOTCH1 and FBXW7 mutations in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL): results from the EORTC Children Leukemia Group. [Abstract] Blood 114 (22): A-909, 2009.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Renneville A, Kaltenbach S, Clappier E, Collette S, Micol JB, Nelken B, Lepelley P, Dastugue N, Benoit Y, Bertrand Y, Preudhomme C, Cave H. Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) gene mutations in pediatric T-cell malignancies. Leukemia. 2010 Feb;24(2):476-80. doi: 10.1038/leu.2009.221. Epub 2009 Oct 22. No abstract available.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 19847202 (View on PubMed)

Cave H, Suciu S, Preudhomme C, Poppe B, Robert A, Uyttebroeck A, Malet M, Boutard P, Benoit Y, Mauvieux L, Lutz P, Mechinaud F, Grardel N, Mazingue F, Dupont M, Margueritte G, Pages MP, Bertrand Y, Plouvier E, Brunie G, Bastard C, Plantaz D, Vande Velde I, Hagemeijer A, Speleman F, Lessard M, Otten J, Vilmer E, Dastugue N; EORTC-CLG. Clinical significance of HOX11L2 expression linked to t(5;14)(q35;q32), of HOX11 expression, and of SIL-TAL fusion in childhood T-cell malignancies: results of EORTC studies 58881 and 58951. Blood. 2004 Jan 15;103(2):442-50. doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1495. Epub 2003 Sep 22.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 14504110 (View on PubMed)

Mirebeau D, Acquaviva C, Suciu S, Bertin R, Dastugue N, Robert A, Boutard P, Mechinaud F, Plouvier E, Otten J, Vilmer E, Cave H; EORTC-CLG. The prognostic significance of CDKN2A, CDKN2B and MTAP inactivation in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. Results of the EORTC studies 58881 and 58951. Haematologica. 2006 Jul;91(7):881-5.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 16818274 (View on PubMed)

Cavé H, Suciu S, Preudhomme C, et al.: HOX11L2 expression linked to t(5;14)(q35;q32) is not associated with poor prognosis in childhood T-ALL treated in EORTC trials 58 881 and 58 951. [Abstract] Blood 100(11 pt 1): A-576, 153a, 2002.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

De Moerloose B, Suciu S, Bertrand Y, Mazingue F, Robert A, Uyttebroeck A, Yakouben K, Ferster A, Margueritte G, Lutz P, Munzer M, Sirvent N, Norton L, Boutard P, Plantaz D, Millot F, Philippet P, Baila L, Benoit Y, Otten J; Children's Leukemia Group of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Improved outcome with pulses of vincristine and corticosteroids in continuation therapy of children with average risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): report of the EORTC randomized phase 3 trial 58951. Blood. 2010 Jul 8;116(1):36-44. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-247965. Epub 2010 Apr 20.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 20407035 (View on PubMed)

Bertrand Y, Suciu S, Benoit Y, et al.: Dexamethasone(DEX)(6mg/sm/d) and prednisolone(PRED)(60mg/sm/d) in induction therapy of childhood ALL are equally effective: results of the 2nd interim analysis of EORTC trial 58951. [Abstract] Blood 112 (11): A-8, 2008.

Reference Type: RESULT

Sirvent N, Suciu S, Benoit Y, et al.: Prognostic significance of central nervous system (CNS) status of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated without cranial irradiation: results of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Children Leukemia Group study 58951. [Abstract] Blood 112 (11): A-303, 2008.

Reference Type: RESULT

Bertrand Y, Goutagny MP, Poulat AL, et al.: Asparagine depletion, safety and antibody production after E coli asparaginase treatment in children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated with EORTC 58951 protocol: a single center report. [Abstract] Blood 110 (11): A-4337, 2007.

Reference Type: RESULT

Sirvent N, Suciu S, De Moerloose B, Ferster A, Mazingue F, Plat G, Yakouben K, Uyttebroeck A, Paillard C, Costa V, Simon P, Pluchart C, Poiree M, Minckes O, Millot F, Freycon C, Maes P, Hoyoux C, Cave H, Rohrlich P, Bertrand Y, Benoit Y; Children's Leukemia Group of the European Organisation for Research Treatment of Cancer. CNS-3 status remains an independent adverse prognosis factor in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated without cranial irradiation: Results of EORTC Children Leukemia Group study 58951. Arch Pediatr. 2021 Jul;28(5):411-416. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2021.04.009. Epub 2021 May 24.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 34034929 (View on PubMed)

Mondelaers V, Suciu S, De Moerloose B, Ferster A, Mazingue F, Plat G, Yakouben K, Uyttebroeck A, Lutz P, Costa V, Sirvent N, Plouvier E, Munzer M, Poiree M, Minckes O, Millot F, Plantaz D, Maes P, Hoyoux C, Cave H, Rohrlich P, Bertrand Y, Benoit Y; Children-s Leukemia Group (CLG) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Prolonged versus standard native E. coli asparaginase therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the EORTC-CLG randomized phase III trial 58951. Haematologica. 2017 Oct;102(10):1727-1738. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2017.165845. Epub 2017 Jul 27.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 28751566 (View on PubMed)

Ghazavi F, Clappier E, Lammens T, Suciu S, Caye A, Zegrari S, Bakkus M, Grardel N, Benoit Y, Bertrand Y, Minckes O, Costa V, Ferster A, Mazingue F, Plat G, Plouvier E, Poiree M, Uyttebroeck A, van der Werff-Ten Bosch J, Yakouben K, Helsmoortel H, Meul M, Van Roy N, Philippe J, Speleman F, Cave H, Van Vlierberghe P, De Moerloose B. CD200/BTLA deletions in pediatric precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated according to the EORTC-CLG 58951 protocol. Haematologica. 2015 Oct;100(10):1311-9. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2015.126953. Epub 2015 Jul 2.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 26137961 (View on PubMed)

Clappier E, Grardel N, Bakkus M, Rapion J, De Moerloose B, Kastner P, Caye A, Vivent J, Costa V, Ferster A, Lutz P, Mazingue F, Millot F, Plantaz D, Plat G, Plouvier E, Poiree M, Sirvent N, Uyttebroeck A, Yakouben K, Girard S, Dastugue N, Suciu S, Benoit Y, Bertrand Y, Cave H; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Children's Leukemia Group (EORTC-CLG). IKZF1 deletion is an independent prognostic marker in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and distinguishes patients benefiting from pulses during maintenance therapy: results of the EORTC Children's Leukemia Group study 58951. Leukemia. 2015 Nov;29(11):2154-61. doi: 10.1038/leu.2015.134. Epub 2015 Jun 8.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 26050650 (View on PubMed)

Domenech C, Suciu S, De Moerloose B, Mazingue F, Plat G, Ferster A, Uyttebroeck A, Sirvent N, Lutz P, Yakouben K, Munzer M, Rohrlich P, Plantaz D, Millot F, Philippet P, Dastugue N, Girard S, Cave H, Benoit Y, Bertrandfor Y; Children's Leukemia Group (CLG) of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Dexamethasone (6 mg/m2/day) and prednisolone (60 mg/m2/day) were equally effective as induction therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the EORTC CLG 58951 randomized trial. Haematologica. 2014 Jul;99(7):1220-7. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2014.103507. Epub 2014 Apr 11.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 24727815 (View on PubMed)

Dastugue N, Suciu S, Plat G, Speleman F, Cave H, Girard S, Bakkus M, Pages MP, Yakouben K, Nelken B, Uyttebroeck A, Gervais C, Lutz P, Teixeira MR, Heimann P, Ferster A, Rohrlich P, Collonge MA, Munzer M, Luquet I, Boutard P, Sirvent N, Karrasch M, Bertrand Y, Benoit Y. Hyperdiploidy with 58-66 chromosomes in childhood B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia is highly curable: 58951 CLG-EORTC results. Blood. 2013 Mar 28;121(13):2415-23. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-437681. Epub 2013 Jan 15.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 23321258 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

EORTC-58951

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: secondary_id

CDR0000066840

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id