Efficacy of Semaglutide in Glycemic Control, Weight Loss, and Improving Lipidogram- Role of Baseline Vitamin D Levels

NCT ID: NCT07043361

Last Updated: 2025-07-09

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Total Enrollment: 5300 participants
• Study Classification: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2023-12-18
• Study Completion Date: 2025-04-30

Brief Summary

Objective: Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is an established therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2D), offering robust glycemic control and weight reduction. Vitamin D has been implicated in metabolic regulation, yet its influence on semaglutide-induced outcomes remains unclear.

Research Design and Methods: the investigators conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 5,300 adults with T2D, enrolled in Leumit Health Services, who initiated semaglutide therapy between February 1, 2019, and December 31, 2022. All patients had documented serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels prior to treatment initiation. Metabolic outcomes- including glycemic control (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and lipid profile- were assessed at 12 months. Associations between baseline 25(OH)D levels and metabolic changes were evaluated using multivariable regression models, adjusted for demographic and clinical covariates.

Detailed Description

Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, was initially approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to its superior glucose-lowering efficacy compared to oral antidiabetic agents, with a favorable safety profile regarding hypoglycemia risk. In June 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved higher doses of semaglutide for long-term weight management, marking the first pharmacologic advancement in obesity treatment since 2014 (FDA, 2021).

Semaglutide exerts its effects through multiple mechanisms, including delayed gastric emptying, appetite suppression, enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, and reduced glucagon secretion. In individuals with overweight and obese, semaglutide induces substantial and sustained weight reduction, with an average decrease of approximately 14.9% of baseline body weight.

The pathophysiology of T2DM varies across racial and ethnic groups. For example, T2DM in Caucasian populations is primarily characterized by obesity and insulin resistance, whereas in East Asians, including the Japanese, early-onset β-cell dysfunction and insulin deficiency predominate. Consequently, the glycemic response to semaglutide is not uniform across populations. Notably, semaglutide predominantly enhances first-phase insulin secretion, an effect that may be particularly beneficial in individuals with insulin deficiency. Several blinded, controlled trials have demonstrated superior glycemic control with semaglutide in Asian populations, reinforcing the significance of insulin resistance versus insulin deficiency in determining its net metabolic effects.

While genetic and ethnic determinants of semaglutide response are largely non-modifiable, certain adjunctive interventions may optimize its therapeutic effects. Among these, vitamin D has emerged as a potential modulator of molecular pathways involved in metabolic regulation. In regard to diabetes control, vitamin D is a key immunomodulatory factor, and preclinical studies have demonstrated its protective effects against β-cell dysfunction in diabetes. In murine models, early vitamin D administration mitigated the inflammatory insults responsible for β-cell destruction, thereby preventing autoimmune diabetes onset. These findings are supported by human studies in prediabetic and newly diagnosed T2DM individuals, in whom long-term vitamin D supplementation (six months) significantly improved peripheral insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, potentially delaying diabetes progression.

Obesity has long been linked to vitamin D deficiency. While the role of vitamin D in weight loss remains debated, a recent meta-analysis highlighted its potential clinical efficacy in optimizing weight reduction. Specifically, three months of vitamin D supplementation in obese women significantly augmented weight loss and improved metabolic parameters.

Given the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, particularly among individuals with obesity and T2DM, supplementation may offer metabolic benefits.

To date, the relationship between vitamin D status and the metabolic effects of semaglutide has not been well characterized. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, The investigators aimed to investigate the association between baseline vitamin D levels and semaglutide-induced glycemic control and weight loss in an Israeli T2DM population.

Conditions

Metabolic Disease

Study Design

• Observational Model Type: CASE_CROSSOVER
• Study Time Perspective: RETROSPECTIVE

Study Groups

diabetic patients on semaglutide

we tested the relation between baseline vitamin D levels and metabolic amplification of semaglutide metabolic effects

semaglutide

Intervention Type: DRUG

testing the effect of baseline vitamin D on metabolic effects of semaglutide

Interventions

semaglutide

testing the effect of baseline vitamin D on metabolic effects of semaglutide

Intervention Type: DRUG

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Diabetes type II treated with semaglutide
• Available baseline vitamin D levels

Exclusion Criteria

• Missing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) data
• Pregnant or lactating females

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 80 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Hillel Yaffe Medical Center

OTHER_GOV

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Responsibility Role: SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

rami abo fanne, MD PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Hillel Yaffe Medical Center

Locations

Leumit Health ccare system

Hadera, , Israel

Countries

Israel

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Provided Documents

Document Type: Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan

View Document

Other Identifiers

Non applicable

Identifier Type: OTHER_GRANT

Identifier Source: secondary_id

0034-23-LEU

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id